Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The purpose of this work is to study the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors the growth, development and formation of the photosynthetically active surface of grapes plants. The research was carried out in 2015 in a stationary field experiment in the EPF of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Wine-Making, in the Riesling Rheinsky vineyard under the conditions of an abnormal man-ifestation of weather factors with an acute deficit of atmospheric precipitation. A differentiated effect of the planting scheme of bushes on the growth of grapes shoots and leaves was established in the process of research. The rate of vine development is closely depended on the genetically de-termined reaction of the variety to the anthropogenic and natural factors of cultivation. It is shown that the most influenced slowing down of the growth processes of the grapes plants are the densified ways for bushes placing with a row spacing of 2.5 m. The most active growth processes are observed in the orchards with a row spacing of 3.0 m. Under stressed plant growth conditions, the most active growth of shoots is noted at an average density of planting bushes of grapes 3.0 × 1.5 m. With compacted arrangement of bushes, 4000 pcs / ha according to the scheme 2.5 × 1.0 m, the growth activity of shoots is much lower. Crown of grapes bushes in such orchards are poorly lit, leaves receive less solar energy. It is noted that the growth rate of the leaf blade is similar to that of shoot growth. The largest leaves were at a density of bushes of 3.0 × 1.5 m. We made a conclusion that a differentiated approach when using different schemes of planting bushes in the grapes plantations allows to controll the growth processes of grapes plants.
In this article it has been established that the introduction in the vineyards soil of hydrogels with high degree of increase of volume in the conditions of the seaside plain of the Daghestan has had a positive effect on the grapes productivity. The most favorable conditions of water supply for Rkacitelli grapes were identified in a variant of hydrogel using at a dose of 40 kg/ha at a depth of 0,4 m. The application of hydrogel contributed to the increase in the average weight of bunches at 6,13% compared with the control, and it allowed to have 4-12 c/ha of additional products. It is shown, that the improvement of water supply of grapes plants in the case of hydrogel using has enhanced the efficiency of intro-duced nitrogen fertilizers. In a variant with fertilizers the increase in crop yield of grapes compared to control is 10 c/ha, and in the same option of hydrogel using additionally it was received the addition-al products of 15-27 c/ha. It is established that the improving of the conditions of vineyards cultivation through the agric and melliorative activities undertaken contributed to the increase in the mass sugar concentration in the berries juice by 6,15 g/dm3. It is shown that the relatively high prices of hydrogel caused the high costs to 74900 rub/ha for the grapes production in the first year of absorbent use and profit increase relative to control by 3850 rub/ha. However, in the second year the cost of hydrogel application in the vineyards soil were repaid in full and the additional income of 23700 rub/ha has been received in the hydrogel option, and 44625 rub/ha in the option of hydrogel + fertilizer. The profitability of grapes production when using hydrogel was 163,2 %.
Industrial lands of hazelnut need protection from water erosion, so the new plantation must use the technology with protection against erosion. Thanks to well developed root system and the longevity the hazelnut plants are used for reducing water erosion of soils, and consolidation of slopes. Biological features of hazelnut is the ability to form numerous stem, which is an important element in the formation of erosion protective orchards. We have been carried out the experience to create a new design of hazelnuts orchards, providing the high yielding and organization of stem over year. In the experience we used domestic hazelnut variety of native breeding Cherkesskiy 2. The field and laboratory methods are used in research, as well as the methodology and program of fruit, nut and berry crops breeding. Over 10 years of research the productivity of hazelnuts, when stem were preserved in the lower half-meter of the area, was higher by 52.3% than one in the control (standard formation of intensive type), and by 62.5 % more than at the standard formation of type "Tatura", and by 2.6 times more in comparison with the cultivation system of hazelnuts by bushes. This advantage is achieved due to the greater mass of nuts and their amount. We made conclusion, that the design of erosion control of hazelnuts orchards is very promising from a position higher (by 2 time) yields of high quality nuts. This orchard construction is a big resource to prevent a soil erosion, to increase in fertility, to suppress weeds, to provide a mechanized harvesting, to reduce in the cost for removing of stem and it delivers more than twice the increase in economic indicators of nuts production.
The main feature and principal essence of the current stage of agricultural production is the need to increase its efficiency in the face of the need to reduce the consumption of energy resources, while not reducing, but increasing in the productivity of cultivated crops. Today, one way to increase in the quantity and quality of grapes yield and produced wine from it is to apply foliar fertilizers and surfactants in the tank mixtures of pesticides that increase in their efficiency. This article outlines the results of a study conducted in 2015-2016 on the biological regulation as to the application of a liquid complex fertilizer Nutri-Fait PK and surfactant Spartan in the orchards of winemaking and table grapes varieties in the South Coast and South-Western viticultural regions of the Crimea. The preparations of interest were added to tank mixture of pesticides during the chemical treatment of grapevines in the following phases of grapes plants development: "before bloom"; "after bloom" and "closure of berries into clusters." The results obtained in the course of carried out research evidenced the positive impact of Nutri-Fait PK and Spartan preparations on the yield and quality of winemaking grapes variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Kesha table variety. It was found that the three-stage spraying of the vineyards with the preparations under investigation significantly increases in the biomass buildup of the above-ground grapes bush parts (up to 22% as compared to standard). The grapes yield capacity increases the yields up to 9-12 %, as well increases in accumulation of sugar in the juice of the berries by 0,5-0,6 g/100 sm3, thus speeding up the ripening of the grapes in the conditions of the South Coast and South-Western Crimea.
The aim of this work was to study the effect of prospective in viticulture growth regulators on some morpho-anatomical and biochemical characteristics of grape berries to establish the prospects of their use for improving of transportability and keeping quality of grape products in case of prolonged storage. The novelty of our research is the fact that for the first time given a comprehensive assessment of the influence of growth regulators with different mechanisms of action on the stability of the grapes during transportation and storage is given and the mechanisms to improve the transportability and the keeping quality of grapes production under influence of the tested growth reg-ulators are identified. This article presents the results of studying of promising plant growth regulators influence the anatomical, morphological and biochemical parameters of berries of late ripening grapes varieties, cultivated in the soil-climatic conditions of Daghestan. Research work was carried out at the production-experimental base of Dagestan experimental breeding station of viticulture and horticulture (Derbent). It is revealed the increase of the mechanical firm of the berries, the thickness of the skin and its share in the composition of the berries, the reducing of the respiration rate and mass loss of the berries after harvesting and during storage of grapes. The mechanical properties of berries are improved by treatment with gibberellin and by a mixture dropp and mival. The combined use of gibberellin with dropp and mival enhances the effect of drugs and makes it the most effective. The results of our research showed that the application of growth regulators on seed table grapes to improve the mechanical properties of the berries and bunches are very promising. Studied in the experiment preparations are proposed to be included in the technologies of table grapes production, intended for transportation and prolonged storage.