Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article presents the study of efficiency of special fertilizers in their tank mixtures with plant protection products. The research were carried out in the conditions of the western foothill subzone of the Krasnodar Territory on gray forest-steppe soils in the period 2016-2017. The object of study is the apple-tree of Aidared, Renet Simirenko, Golden Delicious varieties on the MM106 rootstock. The trees are planting in 2012. The productivity of apple trees was considered as the main criterion for the effectiveness of fertilizers in tank mixes evaluated in the experiment. For the preparation of tank mixtures next fertilizers are used: Aquarine 5 (18: 18: 18 + 2Mg + 1,5S), Aquarin 13 (13:41:13) and Aquarin 15 (3: 11: 38 + 3Mg + 9S). The introduction of fertilizers into the working solution of protective means was carried out in the main phenophases of the apple-tree development. The results of biological observations showed that in the process of complex application of plant protection means with fertilizers, the dropping of the ovary decreases: the number of preserved full-bodied ovaries in experimental apple plants increased in 1.2-3.0 % (2016) and 4.5-5.5 % (2017) in comparison with the variant without the addition of fertilizers in the working solution of the preparations. This indicator varied depending on the variety: the productivity of apple plants in the indicated variant of the experiment increased in 5.2-10.8 %. Yield capacity of apple-tree in the age-related "growth and fruitage" was 11-25 t/hectare. In addition, we studied the productivity of trees per square meter of the projection area of the crowns. It was found that when the complex application of fertilizers in a tank mixture with the plant protection means, this indicator was higher by 5.6-10.9 %.
Ukraine is one of the few countries that are on par with the most famous wine regions of France, so here it is possible to produce high-quality brands of wines valuable over the world. One of the reserves to increase in the yield and quality of viticulture products is the use of growth regulators. The purpose of this research was to study the influence of Biolan and Vympel growth regulators on the quality of grapes and wine materials of classic white Aligote and Rkatsiteli varieties. Experiments in Aligote plantings showed a significant influence the studied preparations on the yield and quality of grapes and wine. The increase in the mass of the bunch under the influence of the preparations led to a higher yield in the experimental variants, and the quality indicators also improved. The highest yield from the bush was obtained with the Biolan preparation (0.52 kg more control), the yield in this variant increased by 22%. The Vympel increased in the yield from the bush by 0.44 kg, and the yield by 18.7%. The Biolan increased the yield of Rkatsiteli by 26.3%, the Vympel increased this index by 25.5%. The acidity index of berries juice in both varieties of grapes when processing plants with Biolan and Vympel preparations was lower by 0.7-1.4 g / dm3 below the control. The economic analysis have showed the expediency of using of preparations Biolan and Vympel in the cultivation of white grapes varieties of Aligote and Rkatsiteli. The level of profitability in the case of using the Vympel preparation was higher.
Optimization of plant nutrition at the current stage is due to the expansion of the assortment of fertilizers, justification of the timing and dosage of their application. The activation of growth processes through a differentiated approach to the use of fertilizers is one of the effective methods that affect the yield of grafted grapes. The aim of the carried out study is to determine the effectiveness of foliar fertilizing with Microel, Raicat Start, Terraflex start, to determine the effect of foliar fertilizing on biometric indices of plant development and the yield of grafted grape seedlings. When setting up the experiment, a variant of foliar fertilizing of plants with Carbamide fertilizer (standard) was used. The control variant is cultivation without additional mineral nutrition. The objects of research were the grapes varieties of inter-species origin. The observations and study were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The efficiency of leaf dressings of grafted grapes in a nursery was studied. The main criteria determining the effectiveness of agricultural practices were biometric indicators of plant development and the yield of grafted standard seedlings. As a result of the research, it was established that the foliar fertilization of grafted plants at an early stage of development with the Microel fertilizer activates the growth processes and promotes the development of the leaf surface. Non-rooting fertilization of Terraflex start increase in the yield of grafted seedlings in the nursery. It is noted that the introduction of fertilizers is a rational and cost-effective method, since with this method the grape plant more fully use the macro- and microelements contained in the fertilizers. A comparative analysis of the data obtained by us allows us to conclude that it is necessary to use a complex of microelements in addition to macronutrients in the technological cycle for the production of grafted seedlings of grapes
The paper presents the results of scientific research on the properties of chernozem southern (chestnut) and sod-carbonate soils. A literary analysis of the history of these soils study and information on the geological structure are carried out. A morphological description of the chernozem soil profile of the southern carbonate super-heavy and heavy loam formed on loess-like loams along genetic horizons is given. In the course of the research work, it has been established that the predominant feature of the southern chernozem is the thickness of the humus layer, which is 120 cm. It allows to accumulate the water in the winter period and to keep a sufficient amount of available moisture in the summer months, which contributes to the formation of high yields of grapes even in the arid years. Low percentage of humus, with its significant reserves, in conjunction with the looseness of the soil, creates the optimal conditions for growth, and development of the grapes plant and high yields obtaining. A distinctive feature of sod-carbonate soils is the presence in the soil profile of rock fragments (stony and skeletal soil). Skeletal properties of the described soils vary from 15 % to 40 %. The skeleton affects the soil properties, both positively and negatively. The positive effect is as follows: a small skeleton in the heavy soils makes them more friable and improves the water and air permeability, increases in the coefficient of thermal conductivity. When the skeleton is destroyed, the soil is replenished with elements of the plant mineral nutrition: potassium, trace elements, etc. The negative effect is that the stones reduce the useful volume of the soil and the field moisture capacity and exert a mechanical obstacle in the treatment of the soil. The destruction of marl rocks leads to a sharp increase in the content of active forms of carbonates.
The purpose of these study is the development of regulations for the use of plant growth regulators to accelerate ripening and improve the quality of grape varieties of Dagestan breeding. The object of research is the perspective grapes seed varieties of breeding of Dagestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture. Long-term research (1985-1999) on the influence of various physiologically active substances the development of generative organs of seed grapes varieties made it possible to develop the elements of technology for their use to produce seedless grape berries, and to accelerate the ripening and increase in the sugar accumulation in the berries. Some elements of the technology were tested in the production conditions of Dagestan. In this article, the results of research on the practical application of growth regulators on promising grapes seed varieties of DSTSV&H are presented. The mechanism of growth regulators action on the ripening of berries and sugar accumulation is presented. It is substantiated the promising, expediency and practical significance of the use of growth regulators to obtain the seedless production of seed varieties for example of classical and new varieties, that allow to obtain a crop with a higher sugar content at earlier periods. The study of practical application of growth regulators for promising seed grapes varieties of DSTSV&H breeding in the field conditions have been revealed their positive effect on bunch mass, which increased significantly in some varieties. Based on the results of carried out research, it was conjectured that varieties having in the genealogy the Agadai grapes in the maternal form are more promising for obtaining the high-quality seedless products with high commercial and economic value.