Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
This paper presents the results of the varieties evaluation on the berry average mass in the collection of berry crops of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The collection of strawberry includes 139 varieties, red currant 21, black currant 20, gooseberry 26 varieties. The varieties of collections have the different ecological-geographical origin. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the berry crops varieties of collection on the berry size. The generally accepted in Russia methods of breeding were used in this work. Study have shown that from the 139 strawberry varieties in the collection, 7 varieties have very small berries, 32 varieties small berries, 76 varieties medium-sized berries, 23 varieties large berries and one variety named by Primella has very large berries. Among the 21 varieties of red currant, a very small berry is noted for the Nenaglyadnaya, large berries for the Detvan variety, middle berries for the Asia, Tatran, Dar Orla, Belka, Rozovoe Schastie, Yonker van Tets, the other 12 varieties of red currant are distinguished by small berries. Five black currant varieties have small berries, 3 large berries (Dar Smolyaninovoy, Partizanka Bryanskaya, Slastena) and 12 varieties have the medium size of berries. Analysis of 26 varieties from gooseberry collection has showed that the largest berry size is noted for the Kubanets variety of NCRRIHV breeding. The most part of the gooseberry varieties in the collection (21 varieties) has the small berries. In our research, the eval-uation of the varieties from the berry crops collection on the berry size showed the need to replenish the gene pool of berry crops by new varieties with large berries and to select the varieties with big berry size.
Scientific-based application of clonal rootstocks is one of the main factors of increase in efficiency of gardening. The non-supporting construction of the intensive garden (without a stationary support) allows to reduce the costs of planting about 2 million rubles / ha. This significantly increases in the efficiency of fruit production and competitiveness of domestic products. The article presents the results of impact assessing of 15 rootstocks of different origin on the growth and yield capacity of Liberty apple trees in the garden, created by planting rootstocks in a permanent place, with followed grafting by buds. The carried out research has shown that in the fifteenth year of vegetation, the size of the Liberty tree stock on the 3, 4 and B-13-43 rootstocks was less than that on the M 9. The first fruit bearing was observed Only on the rootstock of 3 in third year, and for the other rootstocks from 4 years of vegetation. The most average harvest from 1 tree for 13 years of fruiting was obtained from Liberty trees on rootstocks M 26 and 2. Close to control M 9 was the harvest on rootstocks of II-31-7, B-9-19, -70-456. The most specific productivity on average over 13 years of fruiting compared to M 9 rootstock the K-1 and 4 provided, close to M 9 rootstock 2, 3, B-13-43. The best stability of the trees in the soil (anchorage) was on the semi-dwarf rootstocks of 2 and II-31-7, which according to the results of the integrated assessment can be recommended for compacted gardens without support construction.
The most accurate criterion for determining the length of pruning of grapes shoots is the productive zone of embryonic inflorescences. To more fully realization of potential of the economic grapes productivity, the pruning is carried out with the left of maximum number of embryonic inflorescences and the unproductive part of the shoots removed. In different grape varieties the productive zone is not the same and it varies along the length of the shoot. In addition to the biological dependence of the productive zone of plants shoots, the anthropogenic factors have a significant effect on the formation of embryonic inflorescences. Pruning while preserving the productive zone of grapes shoots contributes to the sustainable development of the viticulture industry. The purpose of the work is to establish the regularity of embryonic inflorescence formation and to optimize the length of pruning of Levokumskiy grapes shoots. Embryonic fruitage was determined during the period of deep (physiological) dormancy of plants by microscopic examination of the central wintering buds on typical grapes shoots. In the process of research it is found that the dependence between the fruitage and fertility rates of embryonic shoots in the central wintering buds of the Levokumskiy grapes varies on the average daily air temperature in September and November. The correlation coefficients range is from 0.36 to 0.77. You have shown the regularity of a differentiated inflorescence formation along the length of embryonic shoots. The coefficients of fruitage (K1) and the fertility (K2) of embryonic shoots of Levokumskiy grapes grow as the buds are removed from the beginning of the shoots. The maximum values of the coefficients are fixed in the zone of 5-6 buds. In this regard, to obtain the greatest harvest of the Levokumskiy grapes, it is recommended to prune the fruit shoots into 6 eyes.
The main experimental material for research was obtained through the phytosanitary monitoring of industrial plantations of the Krasnodar Territory and a collection of genetic strawberry resources in the Maikop Experimental Station of VIR in 2013-2015 on natural infectious background. The object of research were more than 400 strawberry varieties by domestic and foreign breeding. As a result of phytosanitary monitoring of strawberry plantations in the Southern Region, the damage of Asia, Clery, Alba, Roxana, and Honey plants with anthracnose black rot was widely recognized. These varieties for different years, since 2003, were imported from Italy. At present, there are no strains and forms of strawberry immune to anthracnose, but the varieties differ in the degree of resistance to this disease. Moreover, the varieties that are resistant to the some strains of the fungi can be affected by other strains of fungi. Phytosanitary monitoring showed that in 2013, four varieties (Asia, Alba, Roxana, Honey), infected with anthracnose black rot, were planted in the collection of genetic strawberry resources of the Maikop ES of VIR, and 198 out of more than 400 varieties were affected in 2015, which is 50 % of the total. Taking into account the latent form of the disease for several years, presumably now all 100 % of the strawberry strains are infected. As a result of our field assessment of the degree of strawberry defeat by anthracnose black rot, we did not isolate the disease resistant varieties, which could be the initial material, promising for their use in further breeding study.
The intensity and peculiarity of the rose aroma depends largely on the conditions of the plants growth: the characteristics of the soil, agrotechnics, weather conditions, etc. One of the tasks of our study is to find out how the temperature inside the flower is changed during the day, depending on the temperature-humidity regime of the ambient air and how in connection with it the rose aroma is appeared. 17 varieties of roses of different eco-geographical origin from different garden groups were studied. The varieties are differed according to the color of flower petals, the degree of double, the intensity of the aroma phenomenon. The plants are grafted on the R. canina rootstock, age is 4 years. Roses are planted on the collection plot of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The article presents the results of the study of the rose aroma manifestation peculiarities, depending on the temperature and humidity conditions of the ambient air and inside the flower. As a result of the study, the peculiarities of the manifestation of aroma intensity in different rose varieties were revealed during the interaction of the "genotype-environment" system. It is shown that the presence f R. Damascene garden forms in the origin of the genotype promotes the development of a stronger and more stable aroma in the studied rose varieties, which is considered as the one of the adaptive reactions of the species to high temperatures and low moisturity of the environment. A more intense aroma is characteristic for varieties with dark-colored petals, which have a higher temperature inside the flower in the morning. Varieties of roses with double flower type, in comparison with semi-double flowers, retain the aroma during the day for a longer time, which is associated with varietal features and with the formation of the optimum of temperature-humidity regime inside the flower for evaporation of the volatile components of essential oils.