Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The paper analyzes the temperature conditions limiting the industrial grapes formation on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. Research covers soil and climatic indices, such as: soil type, the sum of active temperatures and average mean of the absolute air temperature minima, as well as grape varieties of various ripening periods. With the help of the geographic information software ArcGis, a digital complex multiple factor cartographic spatial distribution model of the main agroecological factors limiting the industrial viticulture has been developed. The territory under study was classified as to the appropriateness of its agroecological factors for cultivation of various groups of grape varieties. Based on the classification of the cultivation appropriateness for different groups of grape varieties, the territory of the Crimean peninsula was divided into 14 ecotopes with indication of the area distribution (13 by climatic characteristics and 1 by unfavorable soil conditions). Guided by the principle of guaranteed high quality harvests, the recommendations were developed on the varietal composition of grapes for each ecotope. The obtained data demonstrated that the territory of the Southern coast of Crimea and the coastal zones of the western and eastern parts of the peninsula (the first and second ecotopes) were the most favourable regions in terms of heat supply and frost hazard for cultivation of industrial grapes. These findings make it possible to recom-mend the cultivation of grape varieties from the very early to late ripening period that are characterized by weak, medium and high frost resistance. Industrial grapes cultivation on the territory of the thirteenth and fourteenth ecotopes is not cost-efficient. The terrain of the thirteenth ecotope is not suitable for the development of grapes due to unfavorable temperature conditions. In the area of the fourteenth ecotope, unfavorable soil conditions have developed limiting the effective cultivation of grapes.
This article presents the materials of research and analysis of world experience in the field of healing of planting material of fruit and berry crops. The object of our research was the works of a number of domestic and foreign authors developing methods of plants health-improvement from a viral infection. The method of analysis and generalization of literary data for the last 10 years is used. In the presented review, the problems of the rehabilitation of agricultural plants from a viral infection are considered, the requirements for planting materials of the "basic"category are listed, the analysis of modern methods for the improvement of fruit and berry crops and the prospects for their use in a scientific process and production is given. As can be seen from the review of literature in this article, the scientists in this field of research did not have a common opinion on the need to use certain types of therapy in the process of revitalizing plants of fruit and berry crops. It is universally recognized that for each new variety, it is necessary to work out all the criteria and parameters of health improvement. In our opinion, the most promising is the use of dry air thermotherapy in a combination with the method of apical meristems in connection with a high percentage of recovered of the original plants and the possibility to lay the nursery with planting material of the "basic" category.
The urgency of stud is caused by the high economic value of Sharkey's virus (PPV), determined by the losses of productivity and quality of plum fruits. In receptive plum varieties also of other stone fruit crops the infection by Sharkey's virus leads to shedding of the fruits, and ulcers on the surface of fruits. Virus infection is manifested symptomatically in tolerant plants, but does not affect, to the expressed degree the anatomical-morphological and functional state of the infected organisms. The purpose of this work was the study of the plum tolerance to Sharkey's virus (PPV) and the revealing of regularities of the change in the receptivity of plum to this virus in the course of reproduction by the method of inoculation (budding). In the experiment there are three plum varieties: Stanley, Donetskaya and Kubanskaya Rannia. In the process of experiments the regeneration of buds from the infected symptomatic and infected asymptomatic mother trees is studied. Virus carrying of the plum plants is confirmed by OT-PCR testing. The results show that the buds from the symptomatic mother plum trees, virus carriers PPV, survive more badly than buds from the asymptomatic mother trees, also the virus PPV carriers. The level of survival in the version with the buds from the symptomatic trees on the average to 17% lower than those of the version with the asymptomatic trees, and to 27 % lower than in the control version with the virus-free trees. The reason for reduction in the survival of buds infected Sharkey's virus of plum on the virus-free rootstock is the property of Sharkey's virus to cause the corking of the undifferentiated plant tissues. During ripening of fruits, for instance, this property of plum Sharkey leads to premature shaping of the separating layer between the leafstalk and shoot, that in turn, causes the shedding of fruits (the month before the ripening).
Under stressful conditions, in order to obtain the stable harvests of high-quality fruits, it is important to have a balanced supply of mineral elements to the organs of fruit plants facilitated to the timely going throw phenological phases, intensification of photosynthetic activity, and resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. In connection with this, the purpose of our study was to found the effectiveness of the system of foliar top dressing with domestic complex mineral fertilizers on a weakly growing apple-tree to activate the adaptive mechanisms of plants and for the formation of high-quality fruits. An effective rational system of leaf feeding of weak growing apple-tree with the use of domestic complex mineral fertilizers against the background of the negative impact of abiotic stresses during the growth and formation of fruits was tested. It was found that leaf feeding contributed to the optimization of the food regime of apple-tree, increase in the leaves content of the combine form of water and protein, causing the increased resistance of plants to overheating and dehydration. A statistically significant positive correlation between the protein content in the apple leaves and the content of phosphorus (r = 0.58) and potassium (r = 0.66) was found. The content of chlorophyll and carotene was depended on the content of nitrogen (r = 0.7 and r = 0.6, respectively). A statistically significant relationship between the content of sugars and potassium (r = 0.89) was determined. Activation of physiological processes due to the balanced intake of nutrients in the organs of apple plants contributes to the increase in plant`s adaptability to heat and drought, stabilization of production processes. The increase in yield due to the use of foliar top dressing with complex fertilizers is averaged of 8.3 t/ha.
The aim of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of the Riesling Rhine grape variety on the basis of the evaluation of growth processes activity, the laying of generative organs in the central buds of wintering grape buds, the ways of placing and keeping the bushes. It is necessary to study the biological properties of a grape plant, since without this knowledge, it is difficult to purposefully influence the functional activity of plants to obtain a crop of the required quality. The research was carried out in 2014-2017 in the field experiment on the basis of AZESViW (Anapa city). Objects of research: the technical middle growing of Riesling Rhine grape variety, and regulations for bushes keeping. The field stationar methods and laboratory methods were used. The article presents the results of revealing the agrobiological features of the studied grape variety under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia on the basis of studying the intensity of growth processes, the formation of generative organs and ways of locating and maintaining bushes in the vine plantations. As a result of research carried out the patterns of change in growth processes, the productivity of the Riesling Rhine and the quality of products under the influence of different methods of grape plants planting are revealed. More active growth and high leaf cover of shoots were observed in plantations with three-meter rows. It is shown that the productive zone of shoots is in the range of 2-5 internodes irrespective of the planting scheme. This biological feature of the variety should be taken into account when the selection of the method of bushes pruning. The quality of the experienced wine materials was quite high (tasting score from 7.8 to 8.0 points). The samples with the scheme of bushes planting of 3,52,0; 3,01,5 and 3,01,0 m were the best.