Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The main parameters determining the biological productivity of sweet cherry varieties that are promising in the Southern zone of horticulture are studied. The comparative estimation of realization degree of the varieties biological potential is given depending on climatic factors. Potential possibilities of cherry varieties productivity are determined and the main factors influencing their realization are revealed at each stage of plant organogenesis. The main type of sweet cherry fruiting is established on shortened fruit formations (bouquet branches) and annual shoot (single fruit buds). In the predominant quantity (71 %) on the cherry trees, bouquet branches are formed. Dependence of age and productivity of each bouquet branch is shown as the age increases, the number of laid fruiting elements (fruit buds) decreases. The most productive (the maximum number of fruit buds are laid) are bouquet branches of one-two-year-old age. On an annual shoot, an almost equal ratio of fruit (54 %) and growth (46 %) buds was noted. The most productive part of the skeletal branch is revealed it is two-three-year-old fruit wood, the main part (63,6 % of the total number of fruit buds) of the cherry harvest is formed on them. We have distinguished the cherry varieties Alaya, Anons, Volshebnica, Melitopol Black, capable of more even distribution of fruiting elements when they are formed on branches of different ages. It is shown that the productivity of cherry directly depends on the number of laid flowers in each fruit bud. In cherry varieties the number of flowers per tree can reach 5, on average one fruit bud lays 2,3-3,3 flowers. As a result of the carried out research, the donors of productivity, combining the high biological productivity with a high degree of its realization, expressed in the productivity of the variety, were selected.
Downy mildew is the one of the most prevalent diseases of the grapevine. An effective way to control the spread of disease is cultivation of resistant varieties. The European grape V. vinifera is not resistant to mildew practically. Genotypes, carrying the resistance genes, belong to the grape varieties of North America and Asia. So breeding of resistant grape varieties is based on interspecies hybridization. Modern methods of genetics and molecular biology expand the possibilities of ongoing research in this field. Today it is identified about 20 major and minor of resistance loci to P. viticola. Rpv10 and Rpv3 are major loci of resistance. Rpv10, inherited from V. amurensis was first determined F. Schwander et al. It was identified and a DNA-marker GF09-46, closely linked with this locus. Rpv3 gene was first found in the Bianca grapes a complex interspecies hybrids of grapes. It was later determined that the Rpv3 gene has seven haplotypes, and their identification is possible with microsatellite markers UDV305, UDV737. We analyzed the genotypes of selected, elite forms and new inter-species grape varieties of NCFSCHVW breeding by the PCR method using DNA markers linked to the mildew resistance Rpv10 and Rpv3 genes. The separation of the reaction products is carried out by capillary electrophoresis using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. The analyzes were carried out in accordance with the potential possibility of identifying the target alleles according to the pedigree of the studied samples. The Rpv3 gene is defined in six hybrid genotypes, Rpv10 gene is defined in one grape hybrid.
The creating of new grape table varieties of early ripening with a smart bunch and large berries will solve the problem of increased demand for products of biological value and will accelerate the process of import substitution. This is especially important since it will allow to ensure by fresh grapes of domestic production the market with a deficit of fruits and berries in the early summer period and in the holiday season of residents and guests of the Crimea and other regions of the Russian Federation. The study of promising grape types conducted during the years 2012-2015 allowed us to single out as elite a hybrid form from the seedlings population of Podarok Zaporojya x Livia Magarach PZL-1 with the working title Muskat of Cramea. The article outlines the main ampelographic and bio-economic parameters characterizing this promising new variety.Very early maturity (August 5), production period 110 days. Resistance to frost up to minus 24º. The recommended bush training is a double-arm cordon with trunk height of 80-100 cm. The recommended load on the bush is 24 eyes; load per fruit shoot is 8 eyes. The planting scheme is 3 x 1.5 m. Prophylactic treatment against fungal diseases is required 3-4 times per season. The high frost resistance (up to minus 24ºC) of the elite form of Muscat of Crimea is established in comparison with the control Cardinal grapes. The new variety is characterized by high quality of the crop when it planted on well-lit warm slopes. Cultivation of grapevine cv Muskat of Cramea in the conditions of the Southern coast of the Crimea will allow obtaining 1971.8 thousand rubles net income from a hectare of plantation annually.
The aim of the research is to give a comparative agrobiological and economic assessment to some technical grapes varieties in the conditions of the Krymsk district of Krasnodar Region under the system of bushes forming of the Guyot type. On the basis of studying of the degree of embryonic inflorescence in the wintering buds, the optimal length of the fruit shooters pruning to obtain a higher grapes yield of good quality. The objects of the study were grapes bushes of 6 technical varieties of Western European origin, of which 3 varieties with white berries Riesling, Sauvignon, Chardonnay and 3 varieties with dark berries Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot Noir. In this paper, the prediction of the vine harvest is presented and a comparative agrobiological and economic evaluation of these grape varieties in the foothill zone of viticulture in the South of Russia is given. Important biological indicators of the studied varieties were determined: the coefficients of fruiting, fertility and productivity of the central buds. This allowed to establish the optimal load of bushes with buds and shoots. Higher yields were recorded at the Merlot plot, where it was 6.53 t/ha. In the foothill of the Krasnodar Region, the technical varieties with dark berries have accumulated a higher amount of sugars. The content of titrated acids in a group of varieties with white berries was higher in Chardonnay 10.4 g/dm3. In the group of dark-colored varieties, the content of organic acids did not exceed 6.6 g/dm3. The lower cost price of grapes was found in the varieties of Chardonnay and Merlot, respectively, 15.6 thousand rubles per ton and 14.9 thousand rubles per ton.
In this paper the results of work on studying and improvement of cultivation technology of landing material of plum and other stone fruit crops, free from bacterial crown gall are presented. The relevance of research is defined by great economic value of bacterial crown gall in the process of stone fruit crops cultivation. rown gall is the bacterial root disease of fruit and berry plants which is appeared in the form of tumors formation on roots and at root neck. Now the active expansion of the decease area is observed. Crown gall causes the greatest damage in the nurseries and at cultivation of trees in the young garden. On the basis of these own research and the analysis of references the system of measures including several stages is developed: the choice and preparation of the plot with carrying out of the bacteriological analysis and agrochemical inspection of the plot's soil, the preparation and sanitation of landing material, the laying of mother plantation, for its the works maintenance, the laying of fields for reproduction, the quarantine. During vegetation it is necessary to carry out monthly expeditious monitoring of phytosanitary condition of uterine plants and annual diagnostics of plants and soils regarding settling of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The period of operation of uterine plantings, free from root cancer not more than 12 years. These methodical approaches are for industrial technologies of nurseries improvement from bacterial cancer of roots, and they establish the general rules to the choice and preparation of the plot for laying of nursery, the ways and methods of maintenance of soils in the nursery, according to requirements to the grown-up landing and uterine material. These rules are intended for specialists of the specialized enterprises, which are engaged in reproduction of landing material for stone fruit crops.