Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the last ten years the tendency of reduction of the area of grapes plantings in the Northern Black Sea Coast of Ukraine is observed. One of the reasons of such condition of viticulture is lack of scientific justification at the solution of questions of grapes planting placement. The object of our research is the viticulture and wine-making enterprises of Odessa Region. The expeditionary examinations of grapes plantings of the agricultural enterprises were conducted. The state of viticulture and wine-making production of Ukraine for the last five years (2009-2013) is also studied using the data of State statistics service. The methods of mathematical statistics are used in the work. The state of grapes plantings of Odessa Region is analysed using the indicators of total plantings area of the agricultural enterprises and total yield capacity and productivity, etc. The sharp reduction of the areas in the Ukraine is shown: the area of plantings of table grapes varieties was reduced by 5 thousand hectares (20%), the area of technical varieties was reduced almost by 100 thousand hectare (50%). The total area of grapes plantings of the agricultural enterprises for the last five years was reduced in the Ukraine by 16,4 thousand hectares, including the area of the fructifying plantings decreased by 4,0 thousand hectares. The indicator of total yield capacity of the agricultural enterprises in 2013 increased by 74,1 thousand tons in comparison with an indicator of 2009. At all categories of farms the total yield capacity increased by 106,7 thousand tons. Also the productivity of vineyards increases: in 2013 in the agricultural enterprises it was 70,9 c/hectare (17,6 c/hectare more, than in 2009), and in the farms of all categories it increased on 19,8 c/hectare. The best condition of plantings is noted in the farms of Belgorod-Dniester, Bolgradsky and Ismail areas, the share of perspective plantings in these areas reaches 80%.
In the South of Russia where conditions for cultivation of stone fruit cultures are most favorable, the areas of their cultivation significantly decreased. The statistics testifies that more than 70% of the population of Russia are tested by avitaminosis, because the own production covers only 25-30% of minimum required amount of fruits. The correct selection of the assortment of nursery planting will promote to considerably increase in production of fruit crops. The work purpose is the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific materials on the problems of state and development of nursery plantings. The results of analysis of the literary review of foreign and domestic authors on a subject of ensuring stability of nursery planting on the example of cultivation of variety-rootstocks combinations of sweet cherry are presented in the article. It is shown that for successful development of domestic gardening it is necessary to cultivate the varieties corresponded to the modern requirements to quality of their fruits. It is necessary to use the rootstocks which allow to create the dense highly productive plantings giving the possibility to take a care of them without high labor expenses and capable to give a commodity harvest next year after landing. It is shown that now there is not domestic landing material of fruit crops of standard quality and competitive price in industrial volume. It is necessary in Russia to accelerate the creation of nursery plantings of virus-free material by means of biotechnology and to accelerate the production of the varieties and rootstocks demanded in the intensive gardening. It is especially noted that the state and productivity of fruit orchards, and also the structure and the direction of horticulture industry depend on varieties and rootstocks composition and quality of produced saplings.
The work purpose is the development of ways of irrigation and care of garden row-spaces that will provide the safety of fruit plantings in the area of insufficient moistening of Stavropol Region, their high efficiency and quality of fruits, the economy of energy expenditure and technological effectiveness, the increase of soil fertility and its biological activity. The objects of researches are the Liberti apple-tree plantings of autumn and winter terms of maturing on of M 4 rootstock, at the scheme of placement of trees is 52,5 m. The garden became to bear fruits in 2005 (12,3 t/hectare of harvest). Work is carried out using "The program and a technique of varieties study of fruit, berry and nut cultures". The various ways of a drop irrigation are compared. The analysis of influence of these ways on growth and formation of root system of an apple-tree shows the more powerful (by 2,8 times) development of roots in the matter an intra soil drop irrigation. It allows plants to use the moisture and the nutrients in the bigger soil volume. The potential opportunities of apple-trees to resist the adverse weather factors are increasing. The plants are forming a bigger harvest. In 2013 (3-5 years of vegetation) in the plantings more than 6 thousand tons of fruits 8-50 t/hectare are received in dependence on trees age and variety-rootstock combination. It is established in experiment that the combined drop irrigation is the most economically favorable as it provides an increase of harvest at the corresponding care of a garden, that is paying back all expenses for the device of a drop irrigation in the first or second year of garden fructification. On the basis of results of the conducted research the recommendations to industry are developed and the sequence of measures in the apple-tree plantings is defined.
The selection of rootstock for sweet cherry is based on his adaptation to specific soil and climatic and technological conditions of culture. The recommended clonal and seed rootstocks at cultivation of gardens on soils of the Central Caucasus do not fully allow to realize the potential of this culture. Sweet cherry trees must have a strong, deeply penetrating, frost-resistant root system and high stable trunk to winter. The rootstocks from Antipka seedlings the most corresponds to requirements, the roots of Antipka quickly assimilate the large volumes of the soil. The big advantage of Antipka is quite high winter hardiness. Antipka is not only tolerates to low temperatures, but also promotes the increase in winter hardiness of a scion. The purpose of these research was to reveal the influence of grafting height on biological and economic properties of grafted plants of sweet cherry in a garden. The modern methods of field and laboratory research were used in a work. It is established that the increase in grafting height of sweet cherry varieties on Antipka seedlings from 3-5 to 40-60 cm considerably changes their biological and economic properties. This processing method promotes the reduction of trees height by 19 % and the volume of grown by 50 %. The early maturing of trees, their productivity and frost resistance of trunks are increased. Improvement of fruit quality of sweet cherry is noted. It is shown that the total crop of Golubushka sweet cherry trees landing at the scheme of 53 m with variety's grafting at the height of 40-60 cm is 35,2 c/hectare more, than in control variant. It is noted the significant increase in productivity and quality of fruit harvesting on relatively low growing sweet cherry trees grafted on Antipka's trunks. Labor costs for cultivation and harvesting decrease by 35-62%.
The purpose of the research was to obtain a preparative form of extractive cell culture "in vitro" of ginseng in the laboratory conditions, as well as in the development of products based on ginseng extracts. In the article the results of own research are used and analytical review of domestic and foreign sources. The work is performed in the laboratory of biotechnology and the center of winemaking of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. The object of research and improvement of methods of production of ginseng has been in vitro culture. In the study the biomaterial of ginseng and extract of roots are used. The research techniques are generally accepted. In the article the useful properties of a ginseng and problems of its cultivation in garden culture are given. The actuality of receiving of its biomass in vitro is specified. The structure of a nutrient medium for cultivation of a ginseng's cellular culture is developed: the macro and microelements according to Murashige and Skoog, sucrose 30 mg/l, tiamin-chloride 1 mg/l, mesoinositol 80 mg/l, kinetin 1 mg/l, α- 2 mg/l, iron chelate 10 mg/l, an agar-agar 7 mg/l. The ginsengs biomass cultivation cycle is characterized. The flavouring-aromatic addition of "Zhenshenevaya" is made, its organoleptic and physical and chemical features are given. As one of the ginseng preparations, this addition inherits the characteristics of a ginseng. It possesses the toning property and positively influences on person's condition when a hypotonia, an exhaustion, a neurasthenia, the lowered potentiality. It is a fine adaptogen, which increases the organism resistance to diseases and stresses. On the basis of this addition the unique aerated and not aerated soft drinks, low alcohol and hard drinks as, vodka, balms, liquors are developed.