Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The characteristic strawberry aroma of strawberry fruit is due to the presence of methyl anthranilate (methyl ester of anthranilic acid). The present study shows the results of the marker-assisted screening of promising strawberry selected forms created in the I.V. Michurin FSC, according to the FanAAMT gene controlling biosynthesis of methyl anthranilate. The biological objects of the study were strawberry selected hybrid forms 298-19-9-43 (FB2 F. orientalis, F. moschata, F. × ananassa), 26-5, 928-12, 913-102, 913-157 (FB3 F. orientalis, F. moschata, F. × ananassa), 932-29 (F. virginiana subsp. platypetala × Feyyerverk), 56-5, 56-18, 56-20 (Gigantella Maxim × Privlekatelnaya), 65-26 (Olimpiyskaya nadezhda × Bylinnaya), 61-22 (Bylinnaya × Olimpiyskaya nadezhda), 75-80, 75-68 (Tokado × Elianny), 28-11, 28-36 (Lakomaya× Maryshka), 21-14 (Urozhaynaya CGL × Rubinovyy kulon), and 72-67 (Privlekatelnaya × Bylinnaya). Total genomic strawberry DNA was extracted according to the modified CTAB method. The FanAAMT gene was identified with primers FanAAMT for/rev. As a result of the studies, the genetic sources of the functional allele of the FanAAMT gene were identified strawberry selected forms 26-5 (Rubinovyy kulon× (([(F. orientalis Los. × Cavalier) × F. moschata Duch.] × Redcoat) × Senga Sengana)) and 928-12 ((([(F. orientalis Los. × Cavalier) × F. moschata Duch.] × Redcoat) × Senga Sengana) × Privlekatelnaya). It was found that the parental strawberry forms wild species F. virginiana subsp. platypetala strawberry varieties Bylinnaya, Privlekatelnaya, Rubinovyy kulon, Feyyerverk are characterized by a heterozygous combination of alleles of the FanAAMT gene. The strawberry selected forms 26-5 and 928-12 are also characterized by a heterozygous genotype for the FaOMT mesifurane biosynthesis gene, which allows them to be used as complex sources of fruit aromatic complex genes.
The success of creating new forms of Feijoa sellowiana largely depends on the variety of sources of economically valuable traits used in the breeding process. The feijoa gene pool has been formed in the FRC SSC RAS due to the introduction of varieties and forms, as well as by replenishing it with samples of its own breeding, numbering 40 forms, of which 5 varieties and 7 elite forms. The hybrid fund has 429 seedlings from directed breeding. Carriers of economically valuable traits are selected from the collection: yield capacity Superba, Dagomysskaya' (110-120 c/ha); large fruits Dagomysskaya' (95.2 g), Superba' (85.5 g). The sources of early maturity (II-III decades of September I decade of October) are the varieties September, Dachnaya', SHV-1, 4-10, 12-5. Varieties with a high amount of biologically active compounds were identified Dachnaya (polyphenols (41.16 mg /100 g of raw mass); Dagomysskaya (routine (42.1 mg/ 100 g of raw mass); the largest amount of ascorbic acid is contained in the fruits of Dachnaya (52.19 mg %), September (50.46 mg %), SHV-1 (50.08 mg %). Carriers of high pollen fertility are the varieties Dagomysskaya (78.8 %), Dachnaya' (77.8 %) and forms 12-5 (69.42 %), Superba (68.30 %), which can be recommended as paternal forms when creating intervarietal hybrids. From 2018 to 2021, 25 intervarietal crosses were carried out. 4930 flowers were pollinated, 2792 seeds were obtained, 1754 hybrids were grown, 429 forms were isolated, which are valuable material for further breeding research on breeding new varieties of feijoa for the subtropics of Russia. At the early stages of the development of seedlings from the combination 'September × Dagomysskaya, the largest number of promising forms (36 pcs.) were identified. Compact forms with shortened internodes (3.2 cm) were obtained from crosses Dachnaya × 12-5 and Dachnaya × 6-24. Forms with active branching are highlighted in the combinations September × Dagomysskaya and September × Superba'. In the combinations Superba × Dagomysskaya and 8-10 × 'Superba', tall hybrids with internode lengths of 5.8 and 5.6 cm were obtained.
The article presents the results of studies of the degree of favorability of agroecological conditions of the Foothill zone of the Crimea for growing grapes. The long-term data on weather stations of the Crimean peninsula are analyzed. The following climatic indices describing the conditions of vegetation and ripening of grapes are calculated: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the Winkler and Huglin indices, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC and 10 ºC, the average air temperature during the growing season, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, the amount of precipitation per year and during the growing season. Agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of grape cultivation are also analyzed: the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, the average of the absolute minima of air temperature. With the help of geoinformation modeling, a digital complex map of the spatial distribution of index data on the analyzed territory was constructed. The distribution of territories in the Foothill zone of Crimea that are not subject to the planting of vineyards is analyzed: with unfavorable soil conditions, with a height of more than 600 m above sea level, with a slope of more than 20 degrees, as well as lands of forest and nature reserves. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of agroecological conditions in the territory of the Foothill zone of Crimea, 14 ampeloecotopes were identified, including: in the territory of the Bakhchisarai district 10, Belogorsky district 9, Simferopol district 12. As a result of comparing the agroecological conditions of the selected ampeloecotopes with the requirements of grape varieties for growing conditions, taking into account the dependence of the quality indicators of viticultural and wine-making products on agroecological factors, recommendations on agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry in the Foothill zone of the Crimea were developed.
The article presents an overview of the results of research on profiling the valuable chemical composition of cornel, sea buckthorn, aronia, viburnum, hawthorn, honeysuckle, rosehip, elderberry, blueberry. The high content of biologically active substances in fruits was noted: vitamins C, group B, provitamins, a diverse composition of substances of polyphenolic nature, organic acids, microelements, phytoncides. The world experience of clinical trials confirming the beneficial properties of the fruits of the examined crops in the treatment and prevention of various ailments of human health is reflected. The research works on the influence of phytonutrients in the fight against diabetes, liver diseases, oncological diseases of the food tract, with various inflammatory processes: osteoarthritis, atopic dermatitis are analyzed. Many studies have been devoted to the therapeutic significance of the vitamin composition of cornel, sea buckthorn, aronia, viburnum, hawthorn, honeysuckle, blueberry, which are gaining popularity among farmers, rosehip, elderberry fruits. The fruits of these crops have a unique antioxidant complex that has a radioprotective effect on the radicals of harmful substances accumulating in the body of a modern person. It is noted, first of all, the synergistic effect of substances of polyphenolic nature, the presence of which is inherent in all fruit and berry crops considered in the review, and playing a huge role in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system. The assessment of fruits and berries as an indispensable component of a healthy diet is given, since the human body is not able to synthesize the necessary complex of anti-oxidizing substances, the source of which are plants. The possibility of getting the objects in question into the formal, but fashionable marketing superfood lists is evaluated. Attention is paid to research in the field of studying the biochemical composition and properties of fruit and berry raw materials in the development of recipes for therapeutic products in the laboratory of storage and processing of fruits and berries of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW.
Determining the relationship between the origin of a grape variety and its geographical growth is one of the aspects of clarifying the concepts of autochthon and aboriginal. The autochthon not only preserves its genotype and purity of origin, but also conveys in color, smell, taste the features of the soil, climate and area where the crop was grown, it most fully includes the well-known macro, micro and other healing elements inherentonly in this climatic zone, in which he is recognized as autochthon. The relevance and scientific interest of the article lies in the proposed algorithm for the development of a controlled list of autochthones of the established geographical area. The purpose of the development is to identify grape varieties that can be appropriately attributed to the autochthones of a particular agroterritory. It is expedient to study the grape varieties included in the developed list of autochthones as a source of raw materials for the creation of proactive functional products, with their unique nutrient composition, in demand, taking into account the declared classification of the human condition, with existing signs of health deviation. The proposed methods for classifying grape varieties differ from the generally accepted ones in that they use actual data on the timing of the start of cultivation, the area occupied and the gross harvest of grapes in the area with an assessment of the zoning of the agroterritory according to edaphoclimatic factors and the biological characteristics of cultivated grape varieties. Information from the State Register of Breeding Achievements is taken into account, according to which the declared variety can be included in the controlled list of autochthons of this particular climatic zone. The variety of scientific material and current regulations used in the study determined the basic principles for the development of a controlled list of autochthonous grape varieties traditionally cultivated in geographical areas with a unique climate, within the borders of the Russian state.