Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The literary review of data on lateral walnut fructification is adduced in the article. The prospects of this trait for use in a breeding programs are shown and the method of an assessment of trait manifestation on the phenotypic level is shown. It is noted that the lateral type of fructification is a leading walnut trait for an assessment of components defining productivity. Using data on quantity of female flowers in the lateral position and percent of the fruits received from them, it is possible to calculate an index of a tree productivity. This index correlates with long-term data on productivity and can be used at an initial assessment of perspective walnut forms. This method is suitable for the search of walnut valuable forms during expeditions. The received values can be interpreted as follows: productivity index of less than 200 low, 201-400 average, 401-500 high, more than 501 very high productivity index. The positive correlation between lateral walnut fructification and low resistance to winter frosts and bacteriosis defeat is established, however intraspecific hybridization allows to neutralize these negative qualities under the conditions of the South of Russia. There is the conclusion that the use of forms with lateral fructification is the extremely perspective direction in the walnut breeding on productivity.
The article provides an information about types of rootstocks of domestic and foreign breeding used in the modern viticulture industry. The area of their use are described, the useful properties of rootstocks and their lacks are noted. A complete description of grapes rootstocks of Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Winegrowing and Winemaking breeding (AZOS-1, AZOS-2, AZOS-3, AZOS-4, AZOS-5 and AZOS-6) with highly resistant to leaf form of phylloxera, to chlorosis and number of other diseases of vine, as well as a short vegetation period, low stepson ability and high yield of standard half-meter cuttings per hectare is given. For the study of grapes rootstock varieties the modern research methods are used. Recommendations on zoning of varieties and rootstocks of Anapa Experimental Stations breeding and area of their optimal use are given. It is shown that the correct selections of rootstock can increase the vineyards productivity and improve the quality of grapes berries.
Climate change had led to evaporability increase during the winter and spring periods in Nonchernozem, Chernozem and Southern zones of Russia. Assessment of air environment and plants condition on January till April is characterized by evaporability on N.N. Ivanovs formula. It was defined that the highest evaporability during the winter and spring periods occurs in an average zone of Russia at positive temperatures of April. The value of evaporation is 50% of total amount from November to April, 20% on March and 30% for the period from November to February. Injuriousness of this phenomenon is associated with violation of a water mode of fruit plants. For the solution of this problem in gardening it is necessary to estimate an indicator of winter hardiness of plants by level of transpiration losses determined by value of an evaporability. On the practical term the developed actions have to be directed on decrease of water losses by introduction of varieties combining together with sufficient frost resistance and high water-retaining ability of annual shoots of wood cultures and leaves of grassy plants. The last trait should be supported by timely and correct application of known agrical technics according to the maintenance of soil and according to the works in the plantings of fruit and berry crops. By results of research the conclusion is drawn: it is necessary to estimate fully and accurately the activity of plants under the changed climatic conditions. The more perfect and high-quality selection of assortment of fruit and berry crops will be made as a result.
The work purpose is studying of varietal diversity of pear of early and late ripening, grown up under the conditions of Kuban; the research of biochemical composition of fruits and allocation of sources of raised content of biologically active substances. In research there were 20 grades of a pear varieties of various ripening from different places of growth, to reveal the influence of cultivation conditions on commodity qualities of fruits. The best zoned varieties are taken as a control. The assessment of fruits quality according to the content of soluble solids, sugars, titrable acids, vitamins and P-active substances was carried out according to "Methodical instructions for definition of chemical substances for an assessment of a crop quality of vegetable and fruit cultures". The varietal differences of content of soluble solids, sugars (including glucose, fructose, sucrose), organic acids (citric, malic), vitamin C, polyphenols, pectin substances are established. The fractional composition of fruits of some pears varieties of early maturing showed that it consists generally of monosugars; the share of fructose are more than 60% that causes dietary properties of fruits. Acidity of pears doesnt exceed 0,40% (the Talgarskaya Krasavitsa). The malic, succinic and citric acids are found in their structure. Vitamin C accumulation varied on the average from 5,3 to 10,4 mg/100g. Pear varieties of Velesa, Skromnitsa, Bere Krasnokytskaya, Krasulya, Melitopolyskaya are allocated as a result. These varieties differ of high commodity qualities and high content of nutritious and biologically active substances.
The purpose of work is allocation of the fruits of plum varieties most valuable on quality for their use in breeding work on creation of new form of varieties, possessing the high technological and flavoring qualities. The results of studying of biochemical composition of plum fruits of various varieties with use of well known methods of research are presented in the article. Influence of the content of sugars, acids, sugar-acid index, ascorbic acid and P-active agents on taste quality of plum fruits is shown. Depending on variety and also cultivations conditions the plum fruits contain 10-20% of sugars, 0,4-2,0% of acids, 10-20% of solids, 0,3-2,5 mg / 100g of pectin substances, 15-20 mg / 100g of vitamin C, to 80-100 mg / 100g of P-active agents, to 400 mg / 100g of anthocyanins. On the basis of complex of technical and biochemical evaluations of fruits quality, the most valuable nutritionally and technologically plum varieties were allocated: Chachakskaya improved, Chachakskaya late, Stanley, Milena, Krasnodarskaya, Valevka, Podruga, Krasotka, Gertsog. These forms of varieties have the large size of fruits, the high tasting estimates and they contain the high amount of sugars, acids, vitamins and they differ by optimum sugar-acid index. These varieties are recommended for expansion of existing industrial assortment of plum domestic in the Krasnodar Region and for use in the breeding work.