Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The purpose of the research is to study the introduced technical grapevine varieties of various ecological and geographical origin; to identify the adaptive, economic and technological potential of the samples in order to select genotypes with improved economically significant properties under the condition of the Lower Don Region. The study of the varieties was carried out in 2017-2019 at the Ya.I. Potapenko Don ampelographic collection (Novocherkassk), according to generally accepted methods and State Standards in viticulture. Based on the results of research and observations, the data of phenological phases, economic and valuable indicators of varieties (yield, average mass of the bunch, crop conditions, etc.) are obtained, as well as wine tasting evaluations. According to the number of days (from budding to full maturity of berries), the varieties were ripening by maturation period: from early-middle to late period. Very high yield was in 7 varieties: Adreuli Shavi, Norok, Megrabuir, Nakutvneuli, Merlot, Tashkentskiy, Goruli Mtsvane. The average bunch weight of the studied varieties varied from 69 g (Mudjuretuli) to 502 g (Adreuli Shavi). It is noted a very high sugar content of berry juice (more than 23 g/100 cm3) in 8 varieties Barhatniy, Merlot, Vlesh, Amlahu, Riesling Muscatniy, Mudjuretuli, Rubinoviy Magaracha, Dimatskun. Dry table wines from the following varieties received the high tasting ratings (a passing score of 8.2): Riesling Rhenskiy (8.8 points), Rubinoviy Magaracha, Grubela, Cabernet Sauvignon (8.7 points). Eleven samples were rated at 8.6 points. Wines from the Mudjuretuli, Amlahu, Megrabuir, VIR-1 received 8.5 points. A liqueur wine made from the Barhatniy grape variety received 8.7 points. The complex agrobiological and economically valuable characteristics under the conditions of the Lower Don Region we pointed out the varieties: Rubinoviy Magaracha, Cabernet Sauvignon, Dimackun, Goruli Mtsvane, Nakutvneuli, Norok, Riesling Muscatniy, Merlot, Grdzelmtebana, Megrabuir, Grubella and Tashkenskiy.
The results of an assessment of 24 varieties of cherry ordinary (Cerasus vulgaris L.), which is 44% of the genetic collection of North-Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making are presented in this paper. The assessment was carried out according to the main biological characteristics laying of fruit buds, flowering intensity, flower reduction, productivity, fruit bearing coefficient, which determine the industrial and breeding value of the variety. The dates are determined of the phenological stages of the seasonal development of the fruit tree of ordinary cherry and their duration in the South of Russia. In addition, the possible deviations in the timing of the phenophases processes are described, depending on weather and climatic factors, and their influence on the yield of cherry varieties. The biological productivity assessment showed a high level (4.0-5.0 points) for the laying of fruit buds, which accordingly determined good flowering (4.0-5.0 points). It has been established that a large reduction of flowers in cherry varieties Vstrecha, Kelleris, Orotak, Fanal, Feya is 84-95 %, the yield was 2.5-13.0 kg per tree. With less falling of unfertilized flowers in the amount of 67.0-70.0 % in varieties Azlaniya, Dyuk Ivanovna, Orlitsa 6, Shokoladnitsa, the productivity increased up to 22.0- 28.0 kg per tree. A direct correlation between the dependence (R2 = 0.5928) of the ratio of reduced flowers number and trees productivity was revealed. The calculation of the fruiting coefficient has showed a large variation of this indicator from 7 to 70 % in the studied varieties of ordinary cherry. The maximum efficiency of the realization of the generative potential (63-70 %) has cherry varieties of Azlania, Dyuk Ivanovna, Krupnoplodnaya. Mathematical processing of the data showed an extensive variability of the biological cherry characteristics 10-51 %, as indicated by the coefficient of variation.
The results of the study of microbial communities of the arable layer of two types of zonal soils under the peach tree in the Southern Region are presented. The substantiation of relevance of carrying out system monitoring of microbiological diversity under the conditions of garden monoculture is made. The main purpose of the work is a comparative assessment of changes in microbiological indicators of brown forest slightly unsaturated soil and leached chernozem in anthropogenically transformed ecosystems. The experimental plots were located in the plantations of fruitbearing peach of high-yielding varieties zoned in the region in the humid subtropical climate of the Black sea coast and the Central zone of the Krasnodar territory. The microflora features of upper (arable) soil layer were analyzed. Based on the climatic feature of region the soil for research was selected in the winter period in the first decade of December. For microbiological studies, the main groups of soil microorganisms reducers of plant residues that form a microbial complex were selected . The main morphological groups (bacteria, actinobacteria, and micromycetes) of soil microorganisms were accounted for using traditional methods. The analysis of the number of microorganisms was carried out in relation to agrochemical indicators of soils and weather conditions during the sampling period. The structure of the microbocenosis was quantitatively dominated by the physiological group of saprophytic bacteria. On average, the number of actinobacteria and micromycetes was 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. The arable layer of leached black soil under the peach orchard was characterized by higher values of saprotrophic aerobic bacteria in comparison with brown soil. The content of producers of antibiotic substances actinobacteria in leached chernozem was 2.4 times lower. The population of the upper layer of two types of soil containing the bulk of plant residues differed slightly. Some excess of the content of soil fungi in the borozem is probably due to higher soil acidity. The revealed features of the composition of the microbocenosis of two types of soils are the basis for continuing the biomonitoring, which allows using agricultural methods to develop the possible ways of rational use of microorganisms activity to increase in soil fertility.
It is presents the results of study of the effect of turfing the row spacing of an apple orchard with legumes-cereals grass mixtures on the water penetration of the soil, as well as on the accumulation in the soil of detritus organic substance. The research carried out found that in the row spacing of apple orchards with the sowing of legumes and cereals, the productivity of biomass depended on the ratio of red clover and Timothy meadow. When the ratio of red clover Timothy meadow 1: 1, the mass of dry matter in the soil of row spacing on average for 3 years was 6.52 t/ha. An increase in the cenosis of red clover to 70 % increased in the amount of dry matter for 3 years up to 7.10 t/ha. The most amount of labile organic matter in the form of detritus is formed in the row spacing soil in the variant with clover and Timothy meadow in the ratio of 7:3. On average, over 3 years, the amount of detritus in the row spacing soil was 0.25%, which is almost 2 times higher than its quantity in the control variant. Studies carried out have shown that the composition of herbaceous vegetation used in the drawing of row spacing also affects the water penetration of the soil. The amount of absorbed water with natural turf was minimal and for the first hour of 1089 ml, for the second hour 961 ml, and the third hour 578 ml. In case of sowing in the rows spacing of garden the clover-Timothy meadow grass mixture the amount of soil absorbed water was greater. The maximum amount of water was absorbed by soil in the variant with sowing of clover and Timothy grass in the ratio of 7:3.
The results of study on the harmfulness and spreaning of bacterial diseases of grapes in the agrocenosis of the Rostov Region are presented. The main harm to vineyards in Russia is caused by bacteriosis of berries and bacterial cancer. The manifestation of bacteriosis on grape berries in the Rostov Region was previously observed only in some years, the development of the disease was weak and had a focal character. In recent years, we have noted the expansion of its range and increasing of harmfulness. The disease manifests itself annually, but the degree of susceptibility varies by years and grape variety. Intensive development of the disease was observed in 2018. Plants of the Lakhedi Mezesh and Baklanovsky variety were most affected. No disease was noted in the varieties of Magia, Talisman. Tumor growths caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium Vitis and formed on the lignified parts of the bush, interfere with sap flow and nutrition of plants, reduce their productivity, durability and resistance to adverse conditions. The lifespan of vineyards directly correlates with their sparseness and the intensity of bacterial cancer (r = 0.79). The bushes with bacterial cancer, compared with healthy ones, have significant differences in the number of fruiting shoots (by 20-40 %), in yield (by 20-32 %), and in ripening of the vine (by 8-20 %). The deterioration of agrobiological and economic indicators in the infected plants can be explained by a significant deterioration in plant nutrition, not only due to a decrease in the volume of the conducting system due to vascular necrosis, but also due to the consumption of plastic substances on the growth of the cancerous tumor itself, which leads to the gradual depletion of the plant and its death. The main factor in the spread of bacterial diseases is human economic activity related to the reproduction of grapes, the production of grafted planting material, therefore, the most effective way to combat bacterial diseases is the procurement and propagation of healthy planting material.