Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Monitoring's data of the consumer's market show the currently increase of public demand for high-quality wines. That is why there was a need to expand the vineyards area with autochthonous varieties. The solution of this problem requires an increase in the production of land materials of these varieties. In a varieties nursery the important part is assigned plantations, where the main economic valuable products are the annual shoots, which serve as the initial material in the production of grapes sapling. The purpose of our research was to develop a mathematical model for calculation of economic productivity of nursery plants that will alow their biological potential as much as possible. The research were carried out in 2012-2013 at the nursery planting of autochthonous varieties of Tsimlyanskiy Black and Krasnostop Zolotovskiy. In the course of research a mathematical model that allows to calculate the potential productivity of nursery under the specific conditions of growing is carried out. The formula for calculation of cutting's output from grapes nursery is given, as well as the formula for calculation of number of standard cuttings, which can be obtained from one shoot. In accordance with the developed mathematical model for calculation of economic productivity of nursery plants the efficiency of the proposed method was determined at the plantations of grapes varieties of Tsimlyanskiy Black and Krasnostop Zolotovskiy. By comparison the calculated and actual data on the yield of cuttings the similar results are obtained. It is concluded that the proposed mathematical model takes into account the biological potential of nursery vines and it allows to calculate the possible output of standard cuttings with a sufficiently high level of accuracy. The proposed method gives a possibility to cultivate the shoots purposeful on uterine bushes of grapes with consideration to their biological potential.
The results of the effectiveness evaluation of the breeding process on the combination of traits complex in the hybrid posterity of gooseberries from 17 combinations of crosses are given in the article. The research is conducted at the breeding plots of Berry crops department of the Republican Unitary Enterprise "Institute of Fruit growing". The hybrid fund of 1990-91 crossing, including 665 plants from 17 combinations of intervarietal crossing is estimated. As a source of parental forms the Yarowoy, Afrikanets, Masheka gooseberry etc was taken. The nature of inheritance of two, three or more economically useful traits is studied. By results of research of 665 hybrids the 7 plants are selected, that plants combine the traits of high resistance to sphaeroteca and high productivity with big berries of sweet taste; one plant with the combination of all these traits and high height of bush is selected. To create of gooseberry varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting, 19 plants with the highest traits of resistance, productivity and bush's height are selected. Inclusion in the hybridization of two types of derivatives, as Ribes hirtellum and Ribes reclinatum, promotes to receiving of hybrids with 6 studied traits. The varieties and hybrids of gooseberry, derived from two kinds - R. succirubrum and R. reclinatum, Combinations of crossing with the combination of the genetic basis of the three species -R. robusta, R. succirubrum, R. reclinatum and R. robusta, R. hirtellum, R. reclinatum promote to high yield of hybrids suitable for mechanized harvesting. Thus, not all combinations of crossing, selected as prospective combinations in the analysis process of inheritance of individual traits, provided the high production of hybrids with the complex of traits and vice versa. The hibrid's gooseberry families of Belaruskiy Sacharny × Krasnoslavyanskiy, Belaruskiy Krasny × Joselin, 10-45 D × 15-13-10-52u and 10-52D × Yarovoy have the high breeding value.
One of the most important scientific problems in the genetics of cultivated plants is study and conservation of genetic diversity. Local native cultivars of different regions are the important part of world grapes gene pool. Traditional ampelographic descriptions are supplemented by molecular genetic data in the study of the gene pool of grapes at the present time. Genotyping of the 14 Dagestan autochthonous grapes cultivars has done in our research: Asyl Kara, Bayat Kapy, Gimra, Gulaby Daghestanskiy, Joonga, Dubut, Mola Huseyn Tsibil, Rish Baba, Sarah, Tavlinskiy Pozdniy, Hatal Baar, Hop Halat, Khotsa Tsibil, Shavrany. DNA profiles were obtained by microsatellite loci VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79. Above-noted SSR-markers are recommended as the main for Vitis vinifera genotyping. Molecular genetic analysis was performed on an automated genetic analyzer that provides data, corresponding to the modern world requirements for genotype identification. Using of multiplex PCR was tested in our work. Multiplex kits allow to optimize the time spending on analysis of DNA, as well as significantly reduce implementation costs. VVMD27 locus showed the highest polymorphism in the study of this group of Daghestan cultivars: 9 alleles per locus are identified; locus VrZAG62 showed the smallest polymorphism 5 alleles / locus. The cultivars of grapes with uncommon alleles at the studied loci were determined in the analyzed varieties group. The information of number of microsatellite markers VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 for fingerprinting of analyzed samples of grapes cultivars is shown.
Genetic collections of fruit crops are the basis for the breeding work: the creation of new varieties, the selection and retention of donors and sources of valuable genetic traits, the enhancing of regional industrial assortment by new varieties of domestic breeding. There is a collection of stone fruit crops with 331 varieties, as well as more than 2300 hybrids, on the base of the of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. In this article the role of genetic collections of stone fruit crops in the creation of new generation of varieties with specified valuable and productive properties is noted. The important role of genetic collection for forming of modern regional assortment of fruit crops for creating of industrial orchards under conditions of Southern Russia is shown. During research process the donors and sources of commercially valuable and breeding important traits for different stone fruit crops are selected in the work. The selected donors and sources are recommended for use in the different breeding programs and they reduce the stages of variety creating to a great extent. As a result of long-term research 15 varieties of sweet cherry, cherry, and plum of NRRIH&V breeding were passed into the State Register of breeding achievement. 29 varieties of these crops were passed in the State variety's study. 4 patents for sweet cherry varieties and 1 patent for cherry variety and 3 patents for plum varieties took out. The new varieties selected by research increase zoned and perspective assortment of stone fruit crops of domestic breeding and allow to create the adaptive and steady fruit-bearing planting of stone fruit crops under the conditions of Krasnodar Region.
The results of breeding of plum domestic in the South of Russian Federation are presented in this article. Objects of research are the 7 plum varieties of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture growing on the base of Experimental and Production Farming "Centralnoye" (Krasnodar). The modern programs and techniques of breeding and variety's study of fruit, berry and nut bearing crops are used in the article. It is shown, that not all of zoned plum varieties fully answer ecological conditions of various zones of cultivation and the modern requirements of steady increase in planting's productivity and economic efficiency of fruit production. Using a wide diversity of genetic traits in the NCRRIH&V collection, the new plum varieties were obtained. These varieties are a basis for expansion of the existing assortment of this culture in the South of Russia and for the further breeding work. It is noted that the created plum varieties of local breeding Prikubanskaya, Krasnodarskaya, Milena, Podruga, Gertsog, Krasotka, Charodeyka surpass the introduced and a number of standard varieties on the following traits: adaptability (drought resistance, winter hardiness, resistance to diseases), efficiency (fast fruit bearing, introduction of trees to fructification, productivity), quality of fruits (the weight and the size of a fruit, biochemical structure, a tasting assessment). In the presented article the total characteristic is given to the new plum varieties of domestic selection, which transferred to the State test and included in the State register of breeding achievements allowed for a wide industrial use under the conditions of the North Caucasus. 3 patents for plum varieties (Gertsog, Podruga, Milena, Krasotka) are the result of the conducted breeding research.