Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
It is given the integrated assessment under the conditions of Northern Ossetia-Alania of the main agric and biological characteristics and economic efficiency of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, the most from which are created in NCRRIH&V together with State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Horticultural Breeding. The research were carried out according to the standard programs and techniques of breeding and variety's studing. The most fast maturing apple-tree varieties of Feya and Talisman which started the fructification for 1-2 year after landing are selected. The high productivity is noted for Carmen, Rassvet, Talisman, Vasilisa and Granatovoe (31,0-38,5 t/hectare). The high yield of standard fruits (to 80-85%) is noted for Feya, Carmen, Orpheus and Granatovoe. The indicators of economic efficiency of cultivation of new varieties are calculated. The most perspective apple varieties for industrial cultivation are selected: Rassvet, Carmen, Granatovoe. High level of economic efficiency of cultivation of these varieties are caused by an optimal combination of immunity to a scab with a complex of the main economic signs: fast and high productivity, fructification regularity, high quality and standardization of fruits. The highest growth of profitability is noted in a group of autumn apple-tree varieties - to 16,6% (Carmen), and in a group of winter varieties - to 24,8% (Granatovoe). In a group of early summer varieties the Rassvet variety on profitability level corresponds to a control variety of Geneva Erli, wich is the one of the best variety of this maturing term. The use for optimization of industrial assortment in the Northern Ossetia-Alania of new apple-tree varieties, immune and steady against a scab, will allow us to increase in economic efficiency of gardening branch and to improve an ecological situation in the region due to decrease in number of processings by means of plantings chemical protection.
The climate of the Astrakhan Region is sharply continental and on the degree of aridity it concedes only to the Central Asian deserts. Continentality is expressed in the contrast between hot summer and cold, windy and snowless winter. In this regard the research on an assessment and selection of perspective variety-rootstock's apple-tree combinations which are ecologically adapted for arid conditions are very actual direction. The assessment of winter hardiness and drought resistance of apple variety-rootstock's combinations under the conditions of the Astrakhan Region is presented in the article. Research was carried out with 27 combinations of an apple-tree on the rootstocks introduced and breeding of NCRRIH&V rootstocks. The studied varieties are Rennet Simirenco, Aydared, Melba. The complex assessment of hot and drought resistance was carried out by a technique of preliminary selection of perspective genotypes with ecological stability and biological value of fruits, a winter hardiness assessment - using a field method. In the course of field tests the difference between apple-tree varieties are determined by resistance to the damaging factors of a cold season. Rennet Simirenko was the most winter-hardy on all rootstocks: frost damage of annual shoots was made 0,1-0,8 points. The insignificant frost damage is noted at Melba on rootstocks of CK 4, CK 7, M 26, SK 2 (0,4-1,0 points). The weak frost damage is noted at Aydared on CK 3, CK 7, CK 5 (1,4-2,2 points). Rennet Simirenko on rootstocks of CK 5, CK 4, CK 7, M 4 had the highest resistance to a drought. The most optimal combination of hot and drought resistance is revealed for Rennet Simirenko on the rootstocks of CK 4, CK 7 and for Aydared on the rootstocks of CK 4, M 4.
The walnut assortment in the south of Russia needs improvement and addition varieties with grades with high adaptability to the volatile climate of region. One of aspects of breeding programs is existence of genetic resources with a wide range of economic and valuable traits. In the NCRRIH&V since 2012 the research work on mobilization of a gene pool of the sort Juglans for breeding is forced. According to the priorities in walnut breeding the work includes the foreign varieties and search of highly productive local forms. Work on selection of forms for an introduction was carried out in 2012-2015 in the territory of Krasnodar Region, and also in some other regions of the Russian Federation: Rostov, Volgograd, Ryazan and Tula regions. For primary assessment of productivity used such indicators as quantity of nuts in kg/tree and a visual assessment in points. As a result the collection of Institute was added with twenty varieties and forms allowing to increase in resistance of new walnut varieties to stressor and also to increase in productivity and quality of fruits. The perspective samples on the parameters, the most actual for breeding process, have been selected. The mobilized genetic resources can significantly add a walnut collection NCRRIH&V with such major traits as frost resistance, high productivity and resistance to pathogens of various origin. This material is certainly interesting to inclusion in the breeding process, and on this basis the new varieties combining the high productivity with resistance to biotic and abiotic stressor will be created.
In the southern regions of Russia where there is an active development of travel business, especially during a summer season, the demand for table grapes increases and the consumer market increases too. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and replenish the domestic industrial assortment by high-quality grapes varieties of table direction. It is presented in this article the results of the work of plants-breeders of the Anapa's Zone Experimental Station of Vine growing and Wine-making on creating, studying and introduction to production of the table grapes varieties adapted for local natural soil and climatic conditions of cultivation, differing of high indexes of productivity and quality. The carried out research allowed to give to the studied grapes varieties of Marinka and Muscat Ranniy a total characteristic on indicators of productivity, crop capacity and economic valuable qualitative parameters. The studied grapes varieties can be realized in the further breeding and genetic research as donors of productivity and high quality of berries. Especially the taste quality- muscat aroma of these varieties is noted. As a result of a multi-year study it is found that the Marinka variety can be attributed to the promising high-yielding varieties of middle term of ripening, with the increased resistance to fungal diseases. This variety has a strong muscat flavor. Grapes variety of Anapskiy Ranniy of early term of ripening and productive is characterized by high flavoring qualities and it has citron-muscat aroma. The studied grapes varieties of the table direction of Marinka and Muscat Ranniy can be realized in further breeding and genetic research as donors of productivity and high quality that is important at removal of new muscat grapes varieties. These varieties have a great importance as a valuable medical food product with high consumer properties.
The content of the metals cations which are the main part of mineral salts in a grapes mash depends on many factors. Mineral substances take a part directly in the process of wine formation and define in many respects its stability and organoleptic properties. However it is known that cations of potassium, calcium and magnesium can take a part in the various physical and chemical processes leading to formation of wine dimness. In vine growing, from the point of view of quality and quantity of a crop, the order of placement of grapes bushes and the optimal area of plants nutrition have a great value. The identification of change of cationic structure of white table wines from a grapes of Riesling depending on various schemes of landing (the areas of food of bushes) was the purpose of these research. We defined the cationic composition of wine materials by system of a capillary electrophoresis on the Capel 105M device. Organoleptic indicators of wine materials were defined by the tasting commission of Scientific center of wine-making according to GOST 32051-2013. Processing of grapes was carried out by the technology of white dry wines under the conditions of shop of micro wine-making of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture". It is established that agric and technical measures, namely the area of plants nutrition, differently influence the accumulation of natural components in wine materials and their organoleptic assessment. It is shown that at increase in the area of grapes nutrition the concentration of cations of metals increased in the produced wine materials. The smallest total accumulation of metals cations and the highest tasting assessment are noted in the wine materials made from Riesling grapes with the scheme of bushes planting 3×2.