Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The effectiveness of cherry breeding is largely determined by the presence of the extensive genetic potential of this culture and the correct selection and use of donors and sources of value traits. The main purpose of research is an improvement of assortment of sweet cherry due to creation of new varieties and combining in their genotype the complex of positive traits with a high level of adaptability. The research were carried out on considerable varietal and hybrid materials at the experimental sweet cherrys orchards. Using a wide variety of genetic traits, we have obtained a breeding material, which serves as the basis for allocation of promising new sweet cherries varieties. The regularities of traits inheritance of large fruits and covering color of fruits are defined. The donors and sources of new economic and valuable traits are allocated. Using the donors and sources of valuable features and modern methods of breeding a series of new sweet cherries varieties is created in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. These varieties correspond to the modern requirements of intensive gardening and allow to create the conveyor of high-quality fruits of early maturing. The majority of the specified varieties are going to the state test now.
For keeping of quality and increase of adaptability of classical technical grapes varieties under the conditions of high repeatability of low-temperature stresses in the Southern Federal District the method of clonal selection is effective. This method allows to improve the adaptive potential of the introduced varieties for winemaking of high quality. Research objective is selection of the allocated clones of Saperavy grapes with hereditarily fixed traits of high productivity, the quality of wine production, the resistance to frosts, diseases and wreckers. The research were conducted using the agric and biological techniques which are recognized in the world practice and widely used in the grapes breeding. Four protoclones FS 118-4, FS 104-48, FS 8-26, FS 90-5 were allocated on the average weight of bunches and a crop from a bush. Noted protoclones surpassed an average index of productivity on 12-14 %. When air temperature falls in 2012 to -20C the greatest resistance to frosts showed FS 79-12, FS 104-48, FS 83-49, FS 96-39, FS 85-46, FS 104-3 protoclones (by quantity of the blossoming buds). The FS 58-46 protoclone showed the complex resistance to harmful organisms. On a complex of agribiological and adaptive indicators the protoclones of Saperavy grapes 8-26, 83-49, 90-5, 104-3, 146-17, 104-48, 118-4 are perspective for reproduction and wide practical application in the industrial production.
Now in Russia the production of new types of wines is developing, for preparation of them the careful selection of assortment is necessary. Wine produktion has to conform to high requirements and differ consumer properties that in the production of qualitative wines are shown at certain agribiological and economic combinations of variety. Agribiological and economic and valuable features of perspective grapes variety of the technical direction Pamyat Zotkinoy of the Anapas Zonal Experimental station of Viticulture and Winemaking (ZESV&W) selection are shown in the article. The research, directed on definition of indicators of fructification of Pamyat Zotkinoy grapes, were carried out on vineyards of Experimental Industrial Enterprise "Anapa" of the Anapas area at the scheme of plants landing is 2,5×1,5 by m. The organoleptic assessment of the young wine made from grapes was carried out by a tasting method. Data of the conducted research allowed to give to studied variety a total characteristic on indicators of productivity and harvest (6-8 kg from a bush) and sugar capacity (20 g / 100 cm3). The variety has a high tolerance to a phylloxera. It is established that the wine prepared from studied grapes variety has the high organoleptic properties delicate, bright, original flavor, especially in the dessert version, with a tasting assessment 8,9 points. The conclusion follows that the grapes variety Pamyat Zotkinoy of the technical direction, created at the Anapa Experimental Station, is capable to give qualitative raw materials for production of competitive wines.
The purpose of this work is to carry out the assesment of apple varieties of various ploidy on physiological-biochemical and anatomic-morphological parameters for studying of adaptive mechanisms of an apple-tree stability to drought under the conditions of North Caucasus Region. For an assessment of degree of drought resistance of an apple-tree varieties the modern high-precision physiological and biochemical methods of research of a water metabolism, the content of protein, sugar, pigments (by means of a spectral method) and proline (by means of a capillary electrophoresis) are used as well as the methods of light microscopy. According to the obtained data of research ,which have been carried out in the contrast years on weather conditions, the Souz and the Rodnichok triploid varieties proved more drought-resistant in comparison with Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mac, Dayton diploids. The xeromorfic traits of the leaf sheet, the raised content of the water connected forms, sucrose and proline can serve as sientific-reasonable criteria of an assessment of drought resistance of apple-tree varieties. The obtained during research results convince that the increase in a ploidy of plants and creation of the triploid varieties can lead to receiving the more resistant plants under extreme conditions of the environment.
The main rootstocks of sweet cherry under conditions of Stavropol Region are seedlings of Antipka. The lacks of this stock are the intense growth and the late introduction in the fructification (for 5-7 year). At the Crymsk Experimental Breeding Station the VSL-2 rootstock is removed which is recommended for middle and southern areas of fruit growing of Russia. This rootstock provides a low growing of trees and the introduction of sweet cherry in fructification for 2-3 year after landing. The work purpose is to estimate the efficiency of use of VSL-2 rootstock for sweet cherry varieties at different methods of grafting under agriecological conditions of Stavropol Region. The work is carrying out by use of programs and techniques of varieties studying of fruit, berry and nut cultures. According to researches of 2008-2013, the Donetsk Ugoliyk sweet cherry on VSL rootstock was allocated on productivity (to 31 kg / from one tree) and on the weight of fruits (9 g). On the ninth year of vegetation the productivity of Donetsk Ugoliyk variety at an early-spring inoculation by 10-15 cm shoot exceeded control (productivity of 6,1 kg / from one tree that is on 9% higher than control). By data for 2005-2009, a tendency to low growing of Donetsk Ugoliyk variety is noted at a summer inoculation on the height of 45 cm. The tendency to intensive growing is noted in control and at an early-spring grafting by shoots of 50-55 cm long. On size of realization profit the Donetsk Ugoliyk and Yaroslavna were allocated from studied varieties of sweet cherry.