Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The reveal of dependencies between the leaf surface of a grape plant, the load of the bush, the length of fruit vines pruning on the one hand, and growth and fruiting on the other hand, reveals the scientific approaches to well ground the most rational selection of elements of variety agrotechnics. As a result of the research, it was established that the tested clones of the Aleatiko 802, Muscat Bely VCR-3, Cabernet Sauvignon R-5 varieties, with developed elements of variety agrotechnics, are vigorous and far exceed the standard varieties. To the end of the growing season, their annual shoots had ripened from 83.6 to 94.8% of their length. The use of an increased level of loads up to 40-50 % and elongation of fruit vines from 3 to 8 buds on the tested clones under the conditions of the Southern Coast Zone of the Crimea with increasing in the load on the bush leads to an increase in the average length of the shoot. The bush form as a one-sided cordon on the introduced clones provides the best maturation of the shoots. In the clone Cabernet Sovignon R-5, compared with the standard variety, reducing the load on the bush from 54 to 24 buds did not effect the growth vigor of the bush. The best ripening was for the variant with the lowest load on the bush 24 buds with a short pruning of fruit vines. The selected optimal parameters of variety agrotechnics had a positive effect the formation of productivity index (Cp) of Aleatiko 802 clones from a very high level of productivity to high, in comparison with the standard Aleatico variety (low and average values of this criterion). The clone of Muscat Bely VCR-3 with the tested forms of the bush index of varieties productivity ranged from medium to very high values, the standard variety had the average score of Cp. The Cabernet Sauvignon R-5 clone had Cp from medium to very high, the standard variety Cp is rated as very low and low.
Under the aggravating of environmental conditions, changes in the structure of nutrition of the population and the lack of useful substances in the food of Russians, the fresh fruits and berries are an indispensable component of a balanced diet. Strawberry berries successfully cultivated in the Krasnodar Territory, contain a complex of nutrients that provide the human body with a set of vital components. The article presents the results of the study of commercial qual-ity and chemical composition of 7 strawberry varieties of NCFSCHVW breeding. In terms of commercial quality, the varieties of Elegia, Kemia, Taira, Nelli, having the large berries with dense flesh, are selected. The varietal differences and the limits of accumulation of soluble solids, sugars, acids, vitamin C and P-active substances, which determine the high nutritional quality and therapeutic properties of strawberries, have been established. Soluble dry substances of the studied varieties, accumulating in the range of 7.2-9.0 %, are mainly represented by carbohydrates (5.4-6.7 %), the acidity varies from 0.85 to 1.28 %, the content of vitamin C varies from 47.9 to 73.4 mg / 100 g, the number of catechins from 58.3 to 92.1 mg/100 g, leuanthocyanins from 53.8 to 101.4 mg/100 g, anthocyanins from 60.0 to 102.0 mg / 100 g. A high varietal variability of the total amount of phenolic compounds from 274.5 to 372.4 mg / 100 g has been established. The source-varieties have been identified with high levels of soluble solids and sugars, acids, vitamin C, and P-active catechins, anthocyanins, total polyphenols. Due to the high commodity qualities and the increased content of natural antioxidants, the strawberry berries of NCFSCHVW breeding varieties as Nelli, Kemia, Taira can be recommended for cultivation in the fruit-growing farms of the Krasnodar Territory. Consumption of fresh strawberry berries as a dessert will fill the ration of Russians with essential micronutrients of natural origin.
This article presents the results of studies of wines obtained from Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon grapes grown in the Krasnodar Region in 2012-2016, in the territory of the Semigorye geographical object (Novorossiysk). The peculiarities of the mineral composition of wines, in particular inorganic cations (ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium), in the wines produced by the wine company Imenie Sikory LLC, are revealed, depending on the grape variety and crop year. Joint correlation dependencies are established. Inorganic cations were determined by the method developed in the Scientific Center Wine-making FSBSI NCFSCHWV. It is established a higher mass concentration of potassium in Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc wines, compared with Riesling, indicating a higher photosynthesis productivity and intensive vegetation of grape plants of these varieties. The minimum, maximum and average mass concentrations of inorganic cations reveal the the peculiarities of the Imenie Sikory LLC, caused by the natural conditions characteristic of the Semigorye geographical object. The results of the analysis show the correlation between the content of elements K-Na, K-Mg, Na-Mg. The correlation between elemental content and grape variety is significant for K, Na and Mg. The total concentrations of inorganic cations ranged from 354 to 1387.6 mg / dm3 and from 905 to 1682.9 in white and red wines, respectively. The results of this scientific work can be the basis for the development of a modern system for assessing the quality and authenticity of wine products in the Russian Federation, as well as be used for regional identification of wines of various origins.
The article presents the materials of table wines from grape researching varieties of the AZESV&W breeding Krasnostop Anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS. In Russia, it is necessary to produce the new brands of wines from local varieties with high quality, hygienic and biological value. For their production, it is necessary to select a grape assortment including the latest achievements of domestic breeding. The red wine enriches the body with useful microelements, vitamins and polyphenolic antioxidants and thereby prevents the beginning and development of many diseases. The number of anthocyanins in wines from Anapa Krasnostops exceeds the data on these components in the control version. The mass concentration of phenolic substances and their monomeric forms in wine materials from the Krasnostop AZOS and Krasnostop Anapskiy is higher than that of the quality control of red wines of Cabernet Sauvignon, which indicates a high accumulation of phenolic substances in these new grape varieties. During the years of the study, Krasnostop AZOS and Krasnostop Anapskiy received the good indicators on the organoleptic properties of wine materials 8,79 and 8,74 points. Table wines from Krasnostops have a greater amount of chlorogenic, coffee and gallic acid than ones from Cabernet Sauvignon. In terms of the total amount of biologically active substances, the wine from the Krasnostop AZOS variety exceeds the control sample. According to the amount of aromatic substances from the studied red wines, one can distinguish the Krasnostop AZ-OS with a total concentration of 2343,1 mg / dm3. The maximum content of aromatic alcohols 88,65 mg / dm3 is noted also in the wine of this variety. Wine sample of Krasnostop AZOS received the maximum in the experience organoleptic evaluation.
The quality of packaging and closures are subject to serious requirements due to the fact that they are in direct contact with food products. Study carried out have shown that the natural cork used often by wine-making enterprises does not meet the requirements of both legislative and regulatory documents for a number of indicators. It has been established that the concentration of microorganisms, mainly mold fungi, in the cork exceeds the allowable values. This leads to the development of microorganisms inside the cork, the diffusion of the formed substances and, accordingly, a decrease in the quality of the wine corked by such corks, as well as a violation of its organoleptic characteristics and presentation. It was shown that already at the stage of sample preparation, a large number of turbid components, which subsequently form precipitates. The cork extracts revealed the presence of various microorganisms, including membranous yeasts and molds. Their development in the cork leads to the formation and diffusion of potentially hazardous compounds into wine, including ochracin, which has anticoagulant capacity and teratogenic activity. A number of substances of synthetic origin, not characteristic of the cork, namely, decalin, acetophenone, 4-methylacetophenone, 1-methylnaphthalene, 1,3-benzothiazole, 2,5-furandicarboldehyde, 2-methoxyphenol, triacetin, 2-phenoxyethanol, naphthalene, 2- (2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate, ethyl citrate, 2,3-dimethyl maleic anhydride, 1H-pyrrol-2-carboxaldehyde, propylene glycol trimer, dimethyl glutarate, ochracin, 9-methyldecalin (in trans and cis-forms) and decalin is also in trans and cis forms. As a result of a more detailed analysis of these substances, it was found that many of them are potentially hazardous substances for consumers.