Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The sterilization of explants is the most important step for the successful plants cultivation in vitro culture. The disinfectant have to neutralize the pathogenic microflora and do not damage of the plant tissues. This article present the assessment of the effectiveness of using the chlorine-containing tablets of the OKA-TAB trademark as an sterilizing substance for the rehabilitation of explants. One tablet of disinfectant contains 1.41-1.87g of active chlorine. For the illustrative treatment 0,5 % solution was used. The exposure time was 5 minutes. The presence of contamination, damage to the plant tissues (necrosis of objects) and the output of viable explants were taken into account. Apexes of SK 7, SK 2, SK 3, M 9, MM-106 apple rootstocks were introduced in vitro culture. Initiation was carried out during the active growth of shoots of apple rootstocks (May-June). Apexes were planted on a nutrient medium culture supplemented with the salts according to the prescription of Murashige and Skoog media (1962): ascorbic acid 1 mg /l, vitamins of B1, B6 and PP 0.5 mg /l, mesoinositol 100 mg /l, sucrose 30 g and agar-agar 0,8 %, BAP 0,4 mg /l. The plants were cultivated with the photoperiod of 16 hours, with air temperature of + 24 ± 2 °C and illumination of 2-3 thousand lux. According to the study, it was found out that 0,5 % solution of chlorine-containing tablets at an exposure of 5 minutes had a higher efficiency. The yield of explants was 75-98 % depending on the genotype. Therefore, OKA-TAB tablets could be used for surface treatment of apple rootstock explants during the active period of shoot growth, as an alternative remedy to sublimate (0,1 %).
The results of evaluation of short stratification periods with different durations influence the obtaining healthy microplants of sweet cherry hybrids from isolated unripe embryos in vitro culture are presented. Three sweet cherry varieties of super early, early and meddle term of ripening are studied. The sterilization scheme for immature sweet cherry embryos using a disinfectant in the form of tablets containing the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid was tested. The method showed the high efficiency, which was manifested in a low percentage of infected tubes. Three seeding were made at various times: after harvesting immediately, after 1 week, and after 3 weeks of stratification. The degree of plants development introduced in vitro culture was defined after 2, 3, and 5 weeks. Assessment of plants with root and leaves was carried out on a 5-point scale. Based on the development degree of plants introduced in vitro culture, a graph was created showing that the highest percentage of normally developing embryos of the Krasnodarskaya Rannya sweet cherry was observed in the group stratified for three weeks, than that stratified one week. In the group of the Krasa Kubani specimens, an opposite dependence is observed. The rate and degree of development of the Yaroslavna embryos without stratification are in the middle range between other studied samples with long and short stratification. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the varietal characteristics of samples prevail over the duration of stratification in order to increase in the yield of normally developed microplants obtained in vitro embryo culture.
Tasty and technological qualities of raspberries depend not only on the genotype but also on their chemical composition, which is associated with soil and climatic conditions of plant growth. Long-term comparative study of raspberry samples on the main chemical characteristics in the foothills of Adygea allowed to determine the best among them. An assessment of more than 30 varieties of raspberries and one of the Rubus idaeus L. ecotypes (k-12897) was carried out. It is determined that, the content of dry substances in raspberries is about 13-19 %; sugars accumulate 4-10 %; acidity (malic acid) 1,4-2,6 %; vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 21-43 mg %. Increased amount of dry matter (about 18 %) were allocated the berries such varieties as Aly Parus, Magnificent Delbard, Lloyd George, Turner. The varieties of Aly Parus, Magnificent Delbard and Carolina (9.6%) have a high sugar content in this zone. According to the amount of vitamin C in raspberries, the varieties of Alenushka, Aly Parus, Arbat, Generalissimus, Lloyd George, Mestnaya is Astrakhani, Meteor, Olathe, Turner (40-45 mg %) stood out. When tasting jam and raspberry compote, the appearance of the product, color, consistency, taste, aroma of jam, as well as the color, transparency and taste of the syrup were determined. Samples of raspberries, received the maximum overall score (4,9-5,0 points) Aly Parus, Skromnitsa, Kompanion, Prude, Shuntukskaya can be used to prepare the high-quality jam. All compotes were characterized by high taste qualities of berries, color of syrup and transparency. According to the general technological assessment (5.0 points), compotes from Hussar and Tarusa varieties were stand out.
To assess the endurance of plants to oxidative stress, a wide range of indicators characterized the functional state of plants is used. As one of the most informative indicators, along with other enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, etc.), catalase is considered. The aim of this work was to study the effect of root application of calcium and magnesium-containing substances on the activity of catalase in the leaves of a tea plant. In the humid subtropical zone of Russia on tea plantations under the conditions of a field experiment with fertilizers, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in young shoots and mature leaves of Kolhida tea was studied. The dynamics of the concentration of cell sap of young shoots and the catalase activity of tea plant leaves during different periods of vegetation, including those covering drought in combination with short-term hyperthermia due to day dynamics, is shown. It was found that an increase in the concentration of cell sap of young shoots under stressful conditions was accompanied by an increase in the activity of mature leaf catalase (r = 0.60) and inhibition of catalase activity in young shoots (r = -0.59). The effect of the root use of calcium in the form of a natural substance (100 kg / ha CaO) and magnesium in the form of MgSO4 (60 kg / ha Mg) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in young shoots and mature tea leaves was studied. It is shown (in comparison with the control) an increase in the activity of catalase in mature leaves in certain periods against the background of the use of calcium-containing natural material. The use of magnesiumcontaining fertilizers reduced the resistance of plants to stress, which was recorded by a significant increase in the concentration of cell sap in young shoots and lower catalase activity in young and mature leaves.
The article reveals the need to develop a computer program for the creation and control of the ampelocenoses production potential. This program is necessary for agricultural producers to make the control decisions on the creation and operation of ampelocenoses in order to ensure the competitiveness of produced products. The creation of united database of grape genetic resources and their quality indicators, manifested in the different soil and climatic conditions of the cultivation zones, will make it possible to quickly select the optimal assortment for all crop cultivation zones taking into account climate change, as well as to create the new highly effective variety forms, which is of significant interest for scientific institutions. The computer program being developed is based on spacious scientific knowledge, including data on varieties, the resource agroecological potential of grape growing regions, based on a systematic approach that provides the greatest degree of realization of the factors totality in the production process that determine the stability of fruiting, productivity and quality of grapes. As a result of the research, a system architecture was developed for the prototype of software methods to manage the integrated stability of grape agroecosystems to ensure maximum feasibility of the biological potential and self-reproduction of ampelocenoses under the conditions of technogenic intensification of production and climate change. The results of studies on the development of a database of economically valuable traits of various ecological and geographical origin grape varieties are presented, including a description of more than 80 traits and resource agroecological potential of grape cultivation areas in more than of 20 parameters, as well as the creation of basic models (laying a new vineyard) and operational models (care system for the existing vineyard) for cultivation technologies.