Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The deliveries of pear fruits from abroad increase last time, therefore the problem of strengthening of local breeding on stability of pear varieties with improved flavoring and commodity qualities of fruits is urgent. The purpose of our research was the selection of new pear varieties with a complex of valuable signs for expansion of pear assortment in the Northern Caucasus. The results of long-term work on breeding and variety's study of pear in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. It is adduced the data on a damage rate of generative organs of plants by spring frosts and also it is selected the late blossoming varieties which are of interest to production and breeding use. It is shown that the Zolushka, the Lyuberskaya, the Malyshka, and elite 4-4-16 are high productive and they are recommended for industrial studying. The reaction of pear varieties on stressful conditions (drought) during forming and growth of fruits is adduced. The summer maturing varieties, which fruits don't react on high temperatures, develop well and slightly reduce the weight, are noted. The pear varieties with valuable indicators are selected and recommended for use in the breeding programs directed on creating of new varieties with the special signs. The short characteristic of the Malyshka and Assol pear varieties accepted in the State variety's testing is given. The promising pear varieties for industrial use in the South of Russia are recommended and these varieties will allow you to increase the orchards yield capacity for 14,2 % and to gain an additional income from fruits realization in the amount of 24,7 thousand rubles on hectare
In the structure of the perennial orchards of the Stavropol Region the apple-tree occupies more than 80% of the space. For development of Region fruit growing branch the correct selection of high-yielding variety-rootstock's combinations allowing to get the big and stable apple yield has a special importance. In this regard under the conditions of Stavropol zone of unstable moistening the research have been carried out on economic and biological assessment of apple varieties of summer maturing of Redfri (control), Krasny Yantar, Fortuna and Shchedrost grafted on a semi-dwarf SK-2 rootstock. As a result of the carried-out measuring it is found that the most intensive increasing of trees trunk is noted for Fortuna and Shchedrost varieties, much exceeding this indicator of Redfri and Krasny Yantar on 0,9 and 3,3 cm2 respectively. The productivity of Krasny Yantar and Fortuna varieties was at one level, and the level of productivity of their varieties less significantly of Redfri control indicator on 0,6 t/hectare. The maximal yield capacity in the experience has been got in the orcards of Shchedrost apple-trees and it significantly more (on 0,7-1,3 t/hectare) than those of control and other apple varieties. In this work the different reaction of the studied apple varieties to soil climatic area conditions of the Georgevskiy District is shown. Under these conditions the Krasny Yantar and Fortuna apple varieties have had the productivity significantly smaller Redfri control on 0,04-0,05 kg/cm2. The productivity indicator of Shchedrost apple variety didn't differ from values of control. The average weight of Krasny Yantar apple fruits was at the level of control in our experience and it is significantly less than those of Fortuna and Shchedrost apple varieties by 15 g and 32 g respectively.
Krasnodar territory one of the main grapes growing regions in the Russian Federation. Optimization of vine cultivars assortment in general and zonal assortments in accordance with the requirements of the time is the most important factor in the development and stabilization of the wine growing industry. The development of wine tourism in the Krasnodar Region requires the expansion of local breeding grapes varieties in the cultivated assortment of vines. This article describes the Alcor and the Antaris cultivars of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture breeding which are in the State variety testing. The harvest of these cultivars is used for high-quality red wine-making. The cultivars of Alcor and Antaris have the increased resistance to major fungal diseases and tolerance to the root form of phylloxera, which allow to cultivate them in the own-rooted culture. The cultivars of Alcor and Antaris were studied by us in a main area of grapes cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory Temryuk Region, and they were compared with the popular recognized classic wine cultivar of Cabernet Sauvignon. The results of agric and biological estimation and tasting assessment of vine from cultivars harvest were presented. The grapes cultivars of Alcor and Antaris of NCRRIH&V breeding exceed the control cultivar for yield, and the wine-tasting score of these varieties in different years corresponds to the tasting points of Cabernet Sauvignon or exceeds them. The presented data show that the grapes cultivars of Alcor and Antaris in the Temryuk zone of the Krasnodar Region may be worthy competitors for classical red wine cultivars and they can introduce the variety in the wine list offered by local producers.
The adaptation to non-sterile conditions is a critical stage for the plants grown using the biotechnological methods on nutrient mediums. The adaptation of the grapes got in vitro method to natural conditions of the environment is of great importance for their production cultivation. Considering the importance of sanitation in vitro of various grapes varieties, the studying of effective adaptation methods of healthy plants to non-sterile conditions and identification of optimal terms of their growing before planting in the open ground is actually. The research were conducted in 2014-2015 on the basis of department of biotechnology of the Stavropol Research Institute of Agriculture, taking into account the recommendations on sanitation and micro clone reproduction. 10 table grapes varieties were the objects of research. As a result of carried out research the conditions and techniques allowing to considerably increase in survival of the healthy grapes plants are elaborated. It is shown that planting of plant from test-tube to a cube with IAA solution (0,2 mg/l) and the offered techniques of further plants growing have provided the high survival percent and a good shoot growth of grapes plants with well developed root system. The analysis of the obtained data has shown the high dependence of survival on a genotype's variety. Especially it was visually shown for Kodryanka and Monarch grapes, where the percent of survival was 51,5 and 92,0% when the identical term of adaptation. The cultivation period of healthy grapes plants from a meristem to soil planting is an average 334,1 days. Survival of plants on claydite in the box is 100%, after the wintering is 100% survival of saplings and their good development also have been noted.
The purpose of these research is the definition of influence extent of manual and chemical rate setting of flowers and an ovary the harvest formation, commodity quality of fruits, the contents of biologically active substances in the fruits, and also the influence of that technique the formation of the assimilate and acquiring fruit surface of apple-tree under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. The research were carried out in 2011-2015 in the apple-tree plantings of Minkar and Golden Delishes, on a M 9 rootstock, on the Scientific-production plot of the Melitopol Experimental Station of gardening. Rate setting of trees load have included the manual thinning of flowers and an ovary, and also the chemical processing of an ovary by phytohormonal preparations (Arbolin, Gibberellin); the control group in the experience is the winter pruning of trees without rate setting. Accounting and observations in the experiments were made according to the standard techniques of research in the gardening. It is shown that the most essential increase in productivity of both studied apple varieties is reached when processing an ovary by Arbolin 16,3 kg/tree; the group with trees processing by Gibberellin differs insignificantly on this indicator 15,0 kg/tree. The largest mass of fruits is observed when thinning an ovary by Arbolin. It is established as a result of the carried out research that the most perspective from the tested techniques of rate setting according to a complex of indicators is the chemical thinning of an ovary by phytohormonal preparation of Arbolin. The use of this preparation increased in fruit formation and an assimilatory surface of apple-trees by 1,3-1,6 times, productivity on 14 %, the fruits mass on 24 %, output of fruits of the highest commodity grade has increased in 15 % and at the same time the share of second grade fruits has decreased 2,7 times. Profitability of this technique in our experiences is 299 %.