Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The root rots are the dominant deseases of garden strawberry in the Krasnodar Region. About 80% of garden strawberry crop is lost from mycoses of roots and loss of plants in the nursery plantings is 1/3 or more. In the productions technology of strawberry berries the regulation of patocenoses is based on the application of ecological systems of culture's protection from the harmful organisms, that allow to keep a high quality of crop. The purpose of research is development of regulations of application of microbiological preparations for management of pathosystems in the agric cenoses of strawberry, ensuring the preservation of plants healthy and their productivity. The standard, author's and adapted techniques are used in the course of research. As a result of determination of biological efficiency of fungicides for control of root rots the high efficiency of fundazol is established: for Marmolada's variety is 70.4 %, for Bogota is 73,5%. Biological efficiency of microbiological fungicides was lower, than in case of application of fundazol chemical preparation. High vitality of strawberry plants is established in case of use of microbiological fungicides hetomin in the mix with biosil and vermiculen in the mix with biosil (91,3% and 87,2% respectively). The received results are interesting and give the basis for application of microbiological preparations for protection of strawberry from complex of root mycoses. Testing of microbiological preparations under the field conditions during treatment of strawberry roots showed the prospects of their use against pathogens of fundal nature causing diseases of strawberry under the conditions of Krasnodar Region. The conclusion is: the microbiological preparations show the antagonistic properties towards phytopathogens and stimulate the grouth effect on protected strawberry's plants.
Accumulation of chemicals substances in the ecosystem of grapes plantings is defined by the technological and agric methods applied in the process of cultivation of this culture. Study of influence of new biological and agric methods of soil keeping of vineyards on quality of vine and wine-making products was the purpose of these research. The research were conducted in the witiculture's areas of the South of Kuban (Taman area) in the industrial plantings of specialized farms. Object of research is ecosystem of industrial grapes plantings. The soil samples and samples of the ripened grapes were selected during spring and autumn period on the vineyards treated by pesticides. Definition of toxic remains in the production was carried out by the standard techniques with use of gas chromatograph "Colour 500M", liquid ones "KNAUER" and the nuclear and absorbing spectrophotometer Guantum-AFA. The methods of a capillary electrophoresis "Capel-103" and "Capel-105" are used for biochemical analysis. The results of ecological and toxicological research confirmed the ability to bioaccumulation of soil toxic compounds as well as an increase of toxic compounds concentration in the food (trophic) chains. The soil replenishment by organic material in the form of biofertilizers revitalizes the soil and cleans it from xenobiotics and allows to receive the grapes without toxic inclusions and to improve considerably its quality by biochemical indicators. It is established that at 3-years application of presented biotechnology of grapes plantings keeping the degree of migration of dangerous chemicals from the soil into grapes berries decreases by 60-90%; the toxic remains in the berries don't exceed the established norms; biochemical indicators in some positions are improved in 2-4 times in comparison with control option. As a result of our research the biological and agritechnical methods are scientifically founded. These methods ensure the food safety and high quality of viticultures productions in accordance with biochemical and sanitary and hygienic indicators.
This article is devoted to a problem of a bacterial cancer, actual for viticulture, and in particular in the Krasnodar Region. A bacterial cancer is the one of the most harmful chronic diseases of grapevine. Characteristic feature of defeat of grapes plant by bacterial cancer is system type of infection, the all organs of the infected plant remain sore during all life. Therefore the vegetative reproduction of sick bushes leads to the producing of sick landing material, promoting the further spreading of a disease. The bacterial cancer is wide spread in all zones of grapes cultivation, its high harmfulness is noted in our country and abroad. Despite the application of various struggle measures, including phytosanitary, the annual progression of a disease in the viticulture's regions is noted. In the presented review we discussed the questions of systematic of the causative agent of this disease a bacterium of Agrobacterium, the tupe of infection of grapes plants and the latent period in the development of deseasse. The subject of studying of genetic inheritance by grapes varieties of stability and a susceptibility to this disease is lifted. It is offered to pay attention to integrated scientifically based approach to a problem of a bacterial cancer on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. It is necessary to develop such research, as identification of types and strains of Agrobacterium on vineyards, determination of degree of their pathogenicity. The complex studying of suseptibility of grapes varieties for the purpose of identification of steady genotypes is recommended. Particularly noted that it is necessary lo make the monitoring of the causative agent of a bacterial cancer in the landing grapes material, nursery plantings and in the soil of vineyards, including the use of molecular and genetic methods of research.
In this work we study the main chemical pesticides used for protection of cherry from the main harmful objects, and the perspective copper fungicides which haven't been alowed "The reference book of pesticides and the agrochemicals allowed for use in the territory of the Russian Federation" for use on cherry. Work was carried out in 2012-2013 on Lyubskaya cherry. The data of experimental study about change of the content of mineral substances and organic acids in the cherry fruits as a result of use of pesticides from different chemical groups are submitted. It is established that nature of accumulation of organic acids and mineral substances significantly varies under influence of weather conditions of year and active ingredient of a chemical preparation. The method of research of chemical indicators is based on extraction of analyzed substances from plant material and further determination of mass concentration of cations and organic acids by means of a capillary electrophoresis on the Capel-103л device. The features of influence of various active ingredients of used preparations on biochemical indicators of cherrys fruits are indicated. It is revealed that all studied chemical preparations reduce the accumulation of ascorbic acid in the cherry's fruits. The nature of accumulation of organic acids and mineral substances in cherry's fruits significantly depends on weather conditions and the nature of a chemical preparation. Applied fungicides in the protection of cherry intensify the accumulation of organic acids in the cherry's fruits. The analysis of the content of sodium in the cherry's fruits showed its bigger accumulation in case of use of chemical pesticides. It is shown that the use of copper fungicides leads to decrease of calcium content in the cherry's fruits during the harvesting period.
Cultivation of popular classical wine grapes cultivars clones adapted to local growing conditions makes the possibility to obtain the traditionally high quality harvest at a lower cost of production. Approximately 60 % of the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory are located in the Temryuk area, thus, the conducting of the mass clonal breeding on grapes cultivars in this agricultural region is of particular importance. The highly productive protoclones of cultivar Caberne Sauvignon were allocated in the industrial vineyards using the clonal breeding and DNA-analysis. In this paper we present the results of study of CHK1-10 clone. In average it significantly superior to the original variety control bushes at 73 % by yield, at 15 % on buds safety after overwintering, as well as other traits. The evaluation of vegetative progeny of clones on the clon-test sector also shows the good results. The bushes are aligned by vigor, they characterized by weak fungal diseases, the high yield capacity combined with good wine quality. Currently, along with the ampelographic and biochemical study, DNA analysis became the basis for a reliable identification and for study of grapes genetic polymorphism. Comparative microsatellite analysis of DNA of protoklon plants and typical vines of Cabernet Sauvignon reveals the difference in the sample 1-10. It is planned to transfer of this clone to State variety testing. The combined use of traditional breeding approaches and molecular analysis methods allows to expect the greater efficiency in the identification of grapes clones.