Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Under the unstable conditions of the Anapo-Taman zone of Krasnodar Territory an important region f or the cultivation of grapes the problem of its resistance to the stresses of the winter period is urgent. In this regard, the search for new diagnostic indicators of winter hardiness continues, contributing to the identification of grape varieties adapted to modern conditions of a changing climate. The purpose of this work is to carry out comparative studies of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin according to the dynamics of the content of phenolic substances in the bark of one-year shoots under in the conditions of the winter period and to distinguish winter-hardy varieties using this indicator. The studies carried out have confirmed the previously fact established of the involvement of phenolic substances in the mechanism of grape plant protection against unfavorable winter conditions. In our studies, there were quantitative changes in the content of anthocyanins, chalcones, chlorogenic and caffeic acids in the studied grape organs of varieties under study during the winter period. The degree of contribution of each type of phenolic substance to the defense system was different and was determined by the variety. It was found that anthocyanins and chalcones are actively involved in the cryoprotective function in the Dostoyny, Vostorg and Zarif varieties. In these grape varieties, the maximum total content of anthocyanins (12.3-12.9 conventional units) and chalcones (21.5-24.8 conventional units) was noted during period under study. The protective function of chlorogenic and caffeic acids is not entirely clear. It is shown that the dynamics of anthocyanins and chalcones content in the bark of annual grape shoots studied plants can be one of the indirect methods of assessing the winter hardiness of grape varieties for breeding purposes.
Under the ecological conditions of the Lower Pridonia of the Russian Federation, on the example of a promising grape variety of interspecies origin Crystal, the long term research was carried out to establish the optimal parameters of various agro-technical techniques used in the vineyard (the way of management, formation, pruning and the rate of load of bushes by shoots and harvest). At the same time, the prerequisite for these experiments was to link of agrotechnical way under study with the scheme of bushes planting taking into account its impact the productivity of non-cover up vineyards, as well as the quality of the harvest. Based on the results of research carried out, the technological and economic benefits of new methods offered by us, under the conditions of the Don, for industrial and intensive ways of formation and maintenance of vineyards. Thus, on the usual, non-cover up high-stamp vineyards of industrial type were more effective the ways of bushes keeping on a bunk trellis, with free development of shoots, with the scheme of bushes planting of 3.0 x 1.5 m using the formations: zigzag cordon and Y-shaped. And in the intensive plantations with scheme of bushes planting of 3.0 x 0.5 m the highest productivity of labor and productivity of vine plants is noted when applying a medium-stamp small bowl-shaped mould on a simplified single-wire trellis. The high adaptability of the Kristall variety to the ecological conditions of the Lower Don Region was established. In almost all variants of the experiment, the following were noted: the high fruitfulness of the shoots and their productivity, as well as the yield of the bushes with high technological conditions of berry juice. There was a more intensive increase in the yield of bushes with rare grape plantations in comparison with compacted plantations.
The article presents the results of field experiments to study the effect of double treatment of plants with growth regulators like gibberellin, mycephite, zircon, HB-101 the weight of the bunch, the number of berries in the bunch, the yield and sugar content in the juice of the berries of the Citrine table grape variety in the years differing in temperature and humidity conditions in the period rom sap flow to harvest. Phenological observations and agrobiological surveys were carried out according to the method of M.V. Melkonyan and V.A. Volynkin. Selyaninov's hydrothermal coefficient was used to assess the moisture content on the phases of grape vegetation. During the years of research, significant differences were noted in moisture supply in the main phases of grape development and insignificant in the sum of active temperatures. The research results showed that in the conditions of Pridnestrovie, the mass of a bunch of the Citrine table grapes variety is determined both by the conditions of the year and by the influence of growth regulators. The use of gibberellin, mycephyte, zircon and HB-101 reduced the adverse effect of precipitation during blossoming and led to a significant increase in the number of berries in a bunch, contributed to a decrease in the number of pea-berry in a bunch during drought in the period of growth and ripening phases. Under conditions of a higher moisture supply during the ripening period of berries, growth regulators did not have a noticeable effect the sugar content in the juice of berries; under arid conditions, the sugar content of the juice of berries in the experimental plants was higher than in the control plants. Mycephite contributed to a significant increase in the mass of a grape bunch, both in arid and more humid conditions, as a result of which the yield increased by 12.2 and 7.7 t / ha, or 88 and 53%, respectively, in comparison with the control.
The prospects of soil metagenomics using to determine the soil quality of garden cenoses are discussed in this article. Soil quality, along with its fertility, is considered as the most important characteristic of any soil ecosystem, especially under intensification anthropogenic influence. The development of metagenomic studies of soil microorganisms is due to the fact that they are the basis for studying the ecosystems, especially for agricultural purposes. The emergence of new analysis tools contributes to the study of the structural and functional organization of soil microbial biocenoses. An important feature of metagenomic research is that there is no need for isolation and cultivation of microorganisms. This will make it possible to carry out a more complete analysis of the structure of the soil microbial community, to identify the features of the structure of the rhizosphere microflora depending on the duration of growing the perennial plants in a monoculture, and to identify new bioindicators of soil fatigue. The necessary approaches for a complete structural and functional assessment of the soil microbiome are presented, and the goals and objectives of metagenomic analysis are outlined in the article. It is shown that the study of metagenomic analysis of soils makes it possible to move to a new system level of research on the biodiversity of soil ecosystems. This transition leads to a paradigm shift and opens the way to understan the processes that occur in the soils under intensive agricultural use. The available developments in the field of soil metagenome indicate the possibility of using this information as an integral indicator of soil quality in the garden agrocenoses and their functioning, as well as the prospects for use the research results to further improving the methods of biologization and ecologization of agricultural production and fruit growing in particular.
The problems of transformation of chernozem soils properties of garden cenoses during drip irrigation with mineralized water are considered. The widespread introduction of drip irrigation with the mineral fertilizers to cultivate fruit plantations using intensive technologies has created a number of environmental problems. The forced use of mineralized water for irrigation due to limited resources contributes to changes in the properties of chernozem soils, in recent years. It is manifested fruit plants oppression against the background of the constant use of fertigation in the intensive fruit plantations. It was found that drip irrigation of apple orchards with mineralized water contributed to the accumulation of water-soluble salts in the main zone of soil moisture. The use of long-term drip the irrigation in fruit plantations led to the gradual leaching of calcium ions from the zones of local soil moisture. The proportion of magnesium in the soil-absorbing complex as a result of irrigation increased in 20.8-32.8 % of the amount of absorbed bases. On the plot with oppressed apple-trees, a higher content of exchangeable magnesium in the soil was noted in comparison with apple plantations under a satisfactory condition. The increased content of sodium in irrigation water led to a significant increase in its concentration in the places of localization of irrigation water in areas with both depressed and apple trees in satisfactory condition. The content of exchangeable sodium in the soil layer 0-30 cm under the droppers increased in 0.94-1.74 mg-eq./100 g. of soil. The share of exchangeable sodium in the soil absorbing complex in the zone of local soil moisture increased in 3.1-5.3 % of the amount of absorbed bases, which indicates a weak degree of soil salinity. Analysis of apple varieties productivity indicates the influence of tree growth conditions the yield and fruit quality, the share of the influence of soil conditions was 81.8-93.6 %.