Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The influence of layout schemes on the peculiarities of the production process of apple plants of the varieties Renet Simirenko, Golden Delicious Rangers, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Gala and Fuji grafted on a dwarf rootstock M9 was studied. The experiments were carried out in 2016-2019 in high-density plantations of apple trees planted in 2016 with application of intensive cultivation technology under the conditions of the Kuban educational farm Kuban in the Kuban horticultural zone. Three layout schemes were studied in the experiment: 4,0 × 1,5 m (control), 4,0 × 1,0 m, 4,0 × 0,5 m. Start of the period of marketable fruiting of apple plantations was noted in the third year after the garden was laid. It was found that when the plantings were compacted, the formation of generative buds was activated. The greatest number of useful ovaries in apple plants of all studied varieties was formed with the control layout scheme 4.0 × 1.5 m, which affected the productivity of plants - the highest yield (kg/tree). The difference with the experimental variants was 11,251,2 % (with a layout scheme of 4,0 × 0,5 m); up to 13,4 % (with a layout scheme of 4,0 × 1,0 m). However, under conditions of maximum compaction (4,0 × 0,5 m), the yield of plants (t/ha) was higher by 27,2-140,0 % in comparison with the control variant of the experiment. With the layout scheme of 4,0 × 1,0 m, the difference with the control was 25,0-85,0 %. It was noted that the compaction of plantations did not have a significant effect on the commercial quality of fruits the average weight of fruits (150-246 g) did not decrease or decreased slightly relative to the control; also, no influence of the planting schemes on the sugar content in the fruits of apple plants was noted.
The material presented in the article characterizes the seasonal dynamics of the chemical composition of apples on application of foliar dressing of water solutions of special complex fertilizers. The relevance of the research is related to the problem of forming a balanced chemical composition of fruits intended for long-term storage in the conditions of abiotic stresses of the spring-summer period. The main aim of the work is to identify the seasonal dynamics of the formation of the chemical composition of the intensive apple varieties fruits of the NCFSCHVW breeding due to leaf-feeding dressing and its dependence on the nutritional quality of crop. The field experiment was conducted n 2016-2018 in the central zone of the Krasnodar region (experimental production farm "Centralnoye", Krasnodar) in fruit-bearing apple plantations of varieties Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy grafted on rootstock SK4 and which were planted in 2009.As a result of studies, it was revealed that the use of leaf-feeding dressing with nutrient salts contributed to the activation of biological processes and the stabilization of the plants functional state of against the background of abiotic stresses in these edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. The relationship between the nutritional quality of the apple tree and the chemical composition of the fruits is determined. Seasonal changes in the quality of crop nutrition under the influence of a special agricultural method had a significant impact on the content of nitrogen, calcium, potassium and magnesium in the growing apple fruits. The analysis of the fruits mineral balance, which determines their suitability for long-term storage in the refrigerator, did not reveal a negative effect of plant treatments with water solutions of nutrient salts on the keeping properties of apples. Highly marketable production yield in the variant with the use of foliar dressing significantly exceeded the number of fruits of higher and first commercial varieties in the control version.
Conceptual basis of integrated management strategies of soil fertility parameters under monoculture gardens is based on data from agrochemical and biological monitoring, information comparative analysis and decision-making to prevent acceleration of the nutrient cycle, loss of humus, enhancement of the soil fatigue processes, biodiversity loss, etc. The article contains materials that characterize the levels of the major agrochemical indicators of two types of garden soil, the abundance of major groups of the saprotrophic microbial complex of the soil agricultural horizon, the results of a study of the colonies ammonification bacteria morphology, the dominance specific of different kinds of micromycetes genera, computations of variability in the abundance of morpho-physiological groups of soil microbial complex. The experimental material was obtained in field experiments of two agro-climatic zones of the Krasnodar region: subtropical and central. The object of the study was samples of agrogenically altered brown forest soils and structural-metamorphic agrozem (leached chernozem), which were different in terms of anthropogenic load: perennial and "young" soil deposit, the soil under the garden monoculture. According to the results of analyses, the soils of two agroclimatic zones with a range of pH values from faintly acidic to neutral were generally characterized by comparable values of the abundance of microorganisms groups. A lower content of prokaryotic microorganisms (bacteria and actinomycetes) in chernozem was found in comparison with brown forest soils. The study of the morphology of ammonifying bacteria colonies showed a difference in the species composition of the bacteriocenosis of the studied types of garden soils. The dominance of bacteria colonies of smaller forms in brown forest soils, and large forms in chernozem, with a wrinkled and folded surface, was revealed. It was found that representatives of the genus Mucor developed abundantly in the leached chernozem in areas with different anthropogenic loads (in the "young" soil deposit and the soil under the horticultural garden). In addition, fungi of the genus Rhizoctonia were dominated and, probably, it was caused due to soil fatigue, and it requires further study.
The results of study of the developmental features of the causative agents of monili Monilia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey (syn. Monilia cinerea Bonord.) nd Monilia fructigena (Pers.) Pers. on the plum-tree in the Krasnodar Region are presented. The work was carried out on the plum variety of Kabardinskaya rannyaya according to generally accepted and adapted methods. The aim of the work was to identify the bioecological features of the development of monilia pathogens, in changing weather conditions, to optimize the protection technology. The main method of overwintering the causative agents of monili in the region is the mycelium located on the affected tree organs and mummified fruits. A number of features of the causative agents of monili on the plum-tree were identified in connection with the change in weather conditions: the temperature at which the primary infection with the pathogen M. laxa + 3.0...8.0 ºC is noted; the duration of the incubation period for M. laxa is 2 - 3 days at an optimum temperature of +22 to + 26 ºC and an air humidity of 70 to 95 %. For fruit rot 3-5 days; the period from infection to the appearance of sporulation is 8-10 days at temperature of + 24- + 28 ºC. The regularity of the expansion of the temperature range during the growing season is established: M. laxa from +10 to + 30 ºC, for M. fructigena up to + 38 ºC. For the first time, the simultaneous presence of two types of monili M. laxa and M. fructigena on the affected plum fruits was noted, which indicates an increase in the aggressiveness of the pathogen. The research results will make it possible to determine a strategy for optimizing the phytosanitary state of plum plantations and to develop protection against monili. For effective control of the disease, it is necessary to carry out the treatments at the beginning of plum blossoming, as well as in the first week of the manifestation of infection on the fruits.
Currently in all countries with commercial viticulture, special attention is given to grape varieties with group resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental conditions, due to the fact that the problems of ecology and environmental pollution with pesticides are acute. In this regard, the study and assessment of introduced grape varieties in different growing zones can facilitate the task of re-assortment and bring success to breeding programs. The purpose of the research is assessment of the prospects of cultivation in a non-covering culture with minimal protection against diseases of the Canadian table grape variety Vineland 68042, Vitis interspecific crossing on the basis of variety study and assessment of agrobiological, uvological, economically valuable traits. The variety study was carried out in 2010-2020 at the vineyard of the Experimental Field All-Russian Research Institute named after Ya. I. Potapenko for Viticulture and Winemaking Branch of Federal State Budget Scientific Institution FRARC, Novocherkassk, Rostov region. Vineyards not irrigated, not covered, grafted, rootstock Kober 5BB, 3 x 1.5 m planting scheme, horizontal bilateral cordon training system. Grape variety Vineland 68042 on totality of positive parameters (high winter hardiness, cold hardy resistance, powdery mildew resistance, yield, crop quality) can be of interest for cultivation in a non-covering crop with minimal chemical protection against diseases, as well as for use in breeding programs as a source of group resistance to diseases and frost. The variety has large clusters and berries, well sugar content in grape berries, and has a nice appearance. Degustation assessment of fresh grapes is 8.1 points. Vineland 68042 over the years of research has established itself as highly resistant to powdery mildew, grey mold Botrytis cinerea, medium resistant to mildew, resistant to the leaf form of phylloxera. The drawbacks of this grape variety include the tendency to overload the bushes with the yield.