Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
About 63% of the phenolic components containing in the berry passes into wine during wine processing that considerably provides the antioxidant activity of grapes wines. This fact causes the interest of researchers in a phenolic complex of grapes and products of its processing as to the agent that is slowing down free radical processes and providing, in this regard, the improvement of quality and the biological value of food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical production. The quantitative contents and qualitative structure of wine phenolic complex depend on grapes varieties and a zone of its growing and extent of transformation of components in the technological process. In this regard the analysis of a complex of phenolic antioxidants of the table wine materials received from grapes of different varieties and regions of cultivation is submitted actual. In this publication the comparative analysis of qualitative structure and quantitative maintenance of a phenolic complex of the red table wine materials received from grapes varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon, Bastardo magarachskiy, Krasnostop zolotovskiy, Odesskiy cherniy, Pti Verdo, Shiraz growing in the east region of the South coastal zone of the Crimea is given. Distinctive features of a phenolic complex of the studied wine materials are revealed. It is established that the phenolic complex of red dry wine materials from the grapes cultivated in the east region of the South coastal zone of the Crimea depending on grapes variety significantly differs on a ratio flavon-3-olov and phenolic acid; on concentration of kaftaric and kautaric acids. The received results can be used when developing the technologies of productionof the new food, wine-making, cosmetic products enriched bysubstances with antioxidant activity of grapes origin.
The aim of this work was to study the changing type of titration curves of samples when receiving from a specific grapes varieties and wine mash depending on the production technology, and to compare these results with the results of the analysis by method of capillary electrophoresis and ion exchange method. We have developed the apparatus for automatic titration and structured a technique for quickly receiving and mathematic processing of product titration curves and to obtain the information about the content of sum of titrate acids. Such titration curves indirectly present the information on the overall proportion of metals cations and the ratio between various acids. The research objects are the wine materials and the worth from red grapes varieties, growing in the central zone of Krasnodar Region - Merlot, Kurchanskiy and Vladimir. In the micro vine-making shop of NCRRIH&V from experienced grapes varieties the mash have been received using the same technological scheme, excluding its the impact on the assessment of the varieties quality. The comparison of the experimental titration curves of mash from the initial grapes and received wines is carried out. It is shown that the content of titrate acids in the wine raw is higher than their content in the original material, and it increases in time when wine row is on the yeast sediment. It is established that malic-lactic acetic fermentation decreases in titrate able acidity. The salt part of the organic acids in the analyzed samples is found by titration curves. The results of the analysis were compared with data of capillary electrophoresis and they showed the high informatively of mathematical processing of the pilot data results. The results received in the research allow us to predict the final result of the analysis of grapes juice.
In the article it is presented the data of the analysis of the Russian cognacs composition of different categories, and the young and sustained cognac distillates with endurance term from 1 to 40 years produced on a full production cycle from own raw materials under the conditions of manufacturers of different agric and ecological zones of the CIS countries and Western Europe. It is experimentally established that in the cognac distillates which are characterized by a high level of quality; the level of concentration of ethyl acetate doesn't exceed 2000 mg/dm3, and methyl acetate - more than 200 mg/dm3. For the Russian cognacs the variation range of concentration is typical for ethyl acetate - at the level of no more than 500 mg/dm3, and methyl acetate - no more than 50 mg/dm3; for cognac distillates - 300-800 mg/dm3 and 10-80 mg/dm3 respectively. During the analysis of experimental data it is established that concentration of isoamyle acetate in the qualitative samples of cognac distillates - from less than 0,1 to 8,2 mg/dm3, in the Russian cognacs - from less than 0,1 to 0,8 mg/dm3. It is established that the concentration of an ehtyl caprilat in the cognac distillates of the young and sustained, produced under in the conditions of farms manufacturers of different zones of production - from 0,2 to 29,8 mg/dm3; concentration of an ehyl caprinat - from less than 0,1 to 28,4 mg/dm3. The composition of the young distillates received under the laboratory and production conditions from yeast sediments is studied. It is shown that addition of yeast sediments in the overtaken wine material within admissible norms promotes the increase in concentration of components of "enant ether"; the concentration of an ehtyl caprilat in the cognac distillate at the level exceeding 40 mg/dm3 can be a consequence of use of a considerable share of yeast sediments.
One of the main tasks in the field of cognac production of is increase in the level of its quality in which formation the flying components passing into cognac distillate during of process of wine materials distillation. The important role is played also the endurance components extracted from oak wood. For improvement of the monitoring system of quality of cognac production it is necessary to reveal the criteria indicators based on regularities of change of composition of cognac wine materials, cognac distillates and cognacs, depending on varieties, technology and physical and chemical factors of their production. The purpose of our work was studying of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of flying and nonvolatile impurity of cognac distillates of the different years of endurance made on the Simferopol wine factory. When caring out the experimental works the standardized analysis methods with use of instrument base of Magarach Institute were applied. The results of research of flying impurity of cognac distillates of different years of endurance for the purpose of definition of their qualitative and quantitative characteristics are presented in this article. As a result of the conducted research 19 flying components of cognac distillates are identified, the most part (more than 60%) from which have a high degree of reliability and take a part in the formation of qualitative characteristics of cognac distillates. The close participation of the selected flying components in a group of the distillates sustained more than 20 years is established and the ranges of their variation are also established. It is shown that the influence of flying impurity on quality of cognac distillates has changeable character and depends on the term of their endurance, mass concentration of phenolic substances and degree of their acidity.
The intensive production of fruits, directed on obtaining of stable and high-quality crops, causes the necessity to increase the resistance of cultivars to diseases. Under the modern conditions of rapid climat change, caused by anthropogenic, including agricultural environmental contamination, the protective and adaptive characteristics of the plants are reducing, and this factor determines the need to obtain the varieties of fruit crops adapted to a wide range of changing external conditions both abiotic and biotic. The article presents the data of early apple seedling selection for resistance to the two apple-tree dominant fungal infections: to scab under artificial infestation and to powdery mildew on a natural background. The object of research is the hybrid apple seedlings resulting from deliberate crossbreeding of K15461 sample of MOSVIR collection, that is relatively steady to both pathogens, with the susceptible Fuji cultivar. In 36% of the samples a scab lesions were not identified, 39% of the seedlings are resistant to a powdery mildew, according to the two years of the evaluation. 3 seedlings showed the resistance to the two pathogens, their share is 11 %. The evaluation of the plant also on complex features "cultivation" made it possible to identify the most of them as significant for breeding. The obtained results indicate a high prospect of using of K15461, as well as hybrid plants obtained in the combination of crossing of K15461 × Fuji, as donors of resistance to scab and powdery mildew. The hybrid seedlings can be used for study directed to the identification and mapping of new genes for resistance of apple plants to these pathogens.