Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the fruit plantations cultivated on intensive technologies, in order to obtain the objective data on the supply of soils with food elements, it is necessary to use the improved methodological approaches to assess the parameters of soil fertility and the application of original method for selecting the soil samples for following analytic research. The purpose of our research is to find the patterns of changes in the parameters of soil fertility of industrial apple plantations cultivated with regular local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume irrigation. As a result of soil-agrochemical study of fruit plantings on alluvial-meadow soils, a significant change in the parameters of soil fertility was established in case of local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume soil moisture. It is shown when fertigation in the places of local fertilizing the movable phosphorus content in the 0-30 cm layer of apple garden soil increased in 98,3-251,1 mg / kg soil, and exchangeable potassium in 66-421 mg / kg soil; as compared with the areas outside the area of mineral fertilizers localization. The changes found in the levels of soil provision with nutrients should be taken into account when planning the fertilizers system in the perennial plantations cultivated on intensive technologies. The result of research show that the long-term use of drip irrigation in the industrial apple orchards has led to the accumulation of soluble salts (especially sodium ions), to alkalization and qualitative change in the content of exchangeable cations in the soil-absorbing complex in the areas of local soil moisture. To reduce the negative impact of irrigation on the soil properties, it is expedience to use the physiologically acidic fertilizers during irrigation of apple garden, and also to carry out the periodic neutralization of irrigation water by acid.
Grapes, and then the wine, is a product of the area, and to a higher extent the obtaining the high yields and quality of wine, as well as the formation of individual properties of wine production depends on the complex of numerous factors of the environment of the grapes growth. A grapes can grow on almost all types of soils, except the highly saline and waterlogged soils. In the study of many authors the influence of different types of soils and their properties the growth of a grape plant, the quality of berries and products of their processing is indicated. The article gives a comparative description of two types of soils according to morphological and agrochemical indicators. As a result of study carried out it was established that the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of the studied soils contribute to the favorable growth and development of the grape plant. According to the content of nitrogen and mobile phosphorus, the sod-carbonate soil is the most provided, while the content of organic matter is more in black chernozem. The grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon, grown on chernozem ordinary is a higher yielding (100.6 c / ha), compared to sod-carbonate soil. However, the grapes grown on soddy-carbonate soil had the higher rates of sugar accumulation and a lower level of acidity in the juice of berries. Also the date are given in the article on the growth, development and fruit bearing of the grape plant on the studied soils and the influence of the soil component the wine quality. A tasting evaluation of the wine materials examined showed that the most balanced organoleptic characteristics was a sample of young wine obtained from a plot of sod-carbonate soil. The highest content of phenolic substances and the largest mass concentration of anthocyanins are also noted in the sample obtained from sod-carbonate soil.
The study of the changes in the characteristics of plant tolerance in the process of vegetative reproduction is of considerable interest for fruit crops propagated by bud grafting and other types of grafting and other methods, due to the large economic significance of viral infections. There are many plum varieties manifested the tolerance to infection of plum shark (PPV) virus. These varieties practically do not lose the yield and quality of the fruit in case of PPV infection. It is believed that tolerance can be determined by changes in plant metabolism caused by the penetration and multiplication of viruses. The purpose of this study is to gain the new knowledge about the tolerance of domestic plum-tree to viral infections in order to reveal the regularities of change in susceptibility of plum plants to virus of PPV. This paper presents the results of studying the tolerance of the plum domestic varieties to Sharkey's virus on the criterion the manifestation of symptomatology in the leaves of sapling. The urgency of study is determined by the high economic value of Sharkey's virus (PPV) at the cultivation of stone fruit crops. The presence or the absence of the symptomatology of virus infection is the sign of different receptivity of the plum varieties to the infection. The symptoms of contamination in a course of infection are not manifested in the steady varieties, they are manifested in the less steady varieties. As a result of study of the external infection manifestation (simptoms) and diagnostics of virus carrying by the method of PCR-analysis it is found that the part of vegetative posterity of the same varieties PPV virus carriers have been appeared the signs of infection by Sharkey's plum virus in the form of specific annular patch effect, but the part of the sapling did not appear the infection signs, that also is the peculiarity of different receptivity in the vegetative generation (saplings). This means that the tolerance, as a plant property, is able to change in a course of vegetative reproduction.
It is noted in the article that the theoretically modeled potential world range of invasion of a brown-marmorated stink bug based on abiotic conditions covers the vast territories of different continents. Today, this species appears in quarantine lists in the many countries of the world. This species has become an economically significant phytophage for many crops and in the countries of the Black Sea Region Georgia and Abkhazia. The Krasnodar Territory is favorable for the harmful spread of brown-marmorated stink bug according to climatic conditions. The large phytosanitary risk for the agricultural crop production of the Kuban, and in particular for viticulture, induce to start the regular monitoring observations and the study of the bioecological characteristics of the invader in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia Region (Krasnodar Territory) in order to contain the invasion and to develop the control measures of phytofug spreading. This article provides an analysis of the scientific literature on the history of the global spread of a dangerous invasive species of vermins the brown-marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stal. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Behavioral characteristics of his, the range of host plants, the nature of harm are described. The intensification of globalization processes, the increase in traffic flows, the climatic changes, and the huge biotic potential of the bug as wide polyphagia, high fecundity, vector and migration activity make him potentially dangerous vermin for agricultural crop production of the Krasnodar Territory and especially for fruit crops and grapes. Study carried out on monitoring the distribution of the invader in the territory of Western Ciscaucasia, verification the range of plants which this species began to damage, and the gender structure of populations have allowed to conclude that the species is in a state of active development for a new range.