Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
One way to improve the efficiency of grapes plants breeding in vitro is the method of induction of multiple shoots on various types of cultural medium. Applying this method, we can significantly increase in the multiplication factor of plants and, therefore, to achieve the increase in the production of planting material free from viral and bacterial infection. The aim of our study was to determine the optimal culture medium for the induction of multiple grapes shoots in vitro by applying the mathematical apparatus of multi-criterial optimization. Study was carried out in the laboratory of tissue culture V.E. Tairov "Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking" on grapes varieties of Mechta, Kobzar, Original. In order to optimize the composition of the nutrient medium for the formation of multiple shoots we tested the various medium options. To improve the efficiency of induction of multiple shoots of grapes plants in the culture in vitro was studied and proved the advantage of using semi-liquid medium in comparison with solid and liquid medium. When using the multi-criterion optimization methods it is determined the optimal nutrient medium, namely a modified semi-solid MS medium, which contributed to a better survival, differentiation, regeneration and productivity of meristems of grapes plants. It is shown that the introduction of an improved method of induction of multiple shoots helped to increase in the multiplication factor of grapes in vitro culture to 1: 9.5, and this method reduced the cost of micro clones of grapes in the early stages of micropropagation by 90%.
Interest to phenolic substances of red wines is explained by their high biological activity, their participation in the regulation of various processes, and their high reactionary ability. These substances contain more quantity of natural antioxidants providing the prevention of many diseases and correcting the antioxidant status of person. It defines the high importance of red wines for people's food. As object of research we used the red grapes varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Saperavi, and also the varieties of new breeding growing in the various viticulture and wine-making zones of Krasnodar Region and the Republic of Crimea. It is carried out the comparative analysis of capacity of phenolic substances for use of products of grapes processing as the wine and concentrates (extracts) to enotherapy. The analysis of the data obtained in the research testifies about an essential difference in concentration of the majority of components of a phenolic complex of red table wines. Thus the different groups of polyphenols have the different types of biological activity. It was established that the red grapes varieties of Saperavi and Cabernet Sauvignon accumulate rather high number of phenolic substances, including anthocyan. Therefore the conclusion is: these grapes varieties can be used for production of wines for their subsequent use in the health resort complex. The grapes varieties of home breeding - Harmony, Krasnostop Anapa, Golubok - are capable to accumulate the bigger number of phenolic substances in comparison with the classic varieties. It allows to recommend these grapes varieties for production of red table wines for using at an enotherapy.
Abiotic environmental elements such as climate and weather conditions are the dominant factor, depending on which annually varied the evolution of living organisms. The variability of weather conditions determines the diversity of the environmental conditions in which live and develop living organisms, including pathogens. Viability phytopathogen, as well as the grapes plants, is heavily depend on how the environmental conditions comply with the requirements of the organism and what is the deviation from the optimum of these conditions ensuring its normal development. The article contains the information about changing weather conditions over the past five years in the Rostov Region and their impact on the development and dissemination of plant pathogens. Results of fitomonitoring study indicate that the major change in severity of plant pathogens, depending on weather conditions. Over the last 5 years of observation (2010-2014) showed a trend to some change in meteorological conditions in the Lower Pridonye. Moderate negative temperatures in a winter contribute to the good plants overwintering while maintaining the infective forms of wintering fungal pathogens. However, the weather conditions of the growing season (less than normal rainfall and high air temperature) caused the depressive development of plant pathogens in most phases of vegetation. It has contributed to an increase in yield, improvement of its quality due to better ripening of berries, as well as reduce the number of treatments in the vineyards, which can reduce the pesticide load and improve the environment of ampelocenosis.
Strengthening of technogenic impact on the biosphere has led to warming of climate, degradation of soils and waking of ability of ecosystems to natural restoration. Especially considerably the level of technogenic emission is shown in the roadside agric landscapes where the concentration of heavy metals exceeds in several times the maximal permissible concentration (MPC). The indicator of impurity of agric landscapes considerably depends on the intensity of traffic. On the road sections under the forest protection, the pollution of plants and soil by harmful compounds is observed only in 10-meter zone. Ekological and protection functions of roadside forest belts of various composition and structure have been studied by us in the North-West Black Sea zone in the vineyards crossed by the highway Novorossiysk - Seaport Caucasus, on Cabernet grapes. The analysis of the obtained data showed that on ecological profiles of a roadside vineyard under the conditions of protection by three-row forest belt the content in the berries of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in 6,5; 40; 5 times exceeded MPC, when 10-row forest belt is used the vineyard is more reliably protected from emission, the content of the same compounds in the berries was 20-30% less, than at 3-row forest planting. In comparison with control the content of the listed compounds in the grapes berries under protection of forest belts is less: lead for 12-47%, cadmium - 11-33, zinc - 37-51, copper - 24-44%. For strengthening of protective properties of forest belts it is necessary to enter in the roadside edges 1-2 row planting of spirea bushes, cotoneaster privet and other crops. When these measures are performing the wine-making farms of Kuban will be able to receive not only qualitative production, but also to increase in the productivity of the vineyards located in the roadside agric landscapes.
Intensive methods of grapes processing in the our wine industry have led to problem of propensity of table dry red wine-materials to reversible colloidal turbitity. The main objective of our research was the scientific motivation and practical solution to improve the quality of table dry red wines by improving of technological methods of wine materials preparation. In accordance with the purpose we motivated the limitations of various technological methods of primary winemaking and found the optimal modes of mash extraction, allowed to exept the tendency to reversible colloidal turbidity of table dry red wine-materials. The article presents the results of research to identify the main indicators that determine the susceptibility to reversible colloidal turbidity of table dry red wine-materials and their statistical processing. It is concluded that wine materials obtained on the imported equipment, have the lower concentrations of phenolic compounds, proteins, polysaccharides and pectins, which further ensures the achievement of long-term guarantee of stability wines to turbidity with a high quality of finished product. Winematerials obtained on our equipment of high productive capacity contain the high content of phenolic compounds, proteins, and polysaccharides. The high mass concentrations of color substances and polysaccharides further defines a high propensity to reversible colloidal turbidity. Therefore it is recommended to limit the degree of fermentation of sugars in the pulp to 50%. During the fermentation of sugars to 75% on the pulp to use the enzyme preparations and the termovinification temperature not rise above 550C, that further provides to dry red wine materials easier processing and high stability.