Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the conditions of local and global climate change, the problem of optimizing the grape range is topical for the industry of Russian viticulture. The purpose of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of grape varieties of different ecogeographical origin under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia, the revealing of the most valuable varieties for use in breeding and industrial production. The work was carried out in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory on the ampelographical collection (Ana-pa) in 2007-2015. As a research object, grape varieties of different groups were used according to their ecological and geographic origin, intraspecific and interspecies hybrids. In the process of research the varietal differences were established and grape varieties were distinguished for a combination of positive features for use in breeding and industrial production. On adaptivity to minimum air temperatures in abnormal weather conditions, wintering (-20 C), varieties of interspecies hybrids are identified. They have got the highest degree of discordance of buds after wintering 68 %, and the smallest proportion of blooming duds was in the varieties Convar occidentalis Negr. 55%. Convar orientalis Negr was the largest group of bunches. 293.1 g. The highest yield the grapes of intraspecific hybrids showed 8.22 kg / bush, the lowest yield (5.91 kg / bush) and the highest sugar content and glucoacidometric index were in Convar occidentalis Negr. According to the set of positive features, the grapes varieties of Barkhatny, Murvedr, Stepniak and Tarnau are promising for use in breeding and industrial production in the agroecological conditions of Southern Russia.
Methods of the breeding acceleration are aimed to obtaining the greatest number of seedlings and rapid entry into fruitage. Due to contamination by phylloxera the cultivation of own-rooted hybrid nursery grapes is difficult, a large percentage of seedlings is ruined and did not come into fruitage. This work is aimed at increasing in efficiency of the breeding process due to receiving of more hybrid seeds and conservation of genofund. This is achieved by more effective pollination of inflorescences and more hybrid seeds while reducing the volume of castration, increase in germination of seeds and vitality of seedlings, transfer of hybrid nursery in inoculated culture in the early stages of development of seedlings, with following selection and study of elite seedlings already in the nursery grafted hybrid that eliminates the premature death of the hybrid seedlings from phylloxera. To increase in the yield of hybrid seeds it is recommended the treatment of maternal inflorescences forms by physiological active substances as Krezatsin and Sweet 3-5 days before flowering. At the stage of sowing seeds soak hybrid seeds in the solution of growth regulators for 1 hour: Krezatsin, Mival, Zircon and Emistim. At the stage of seedlings growing in the first year it is recommended three treatments of seedlings with a solution of growth regulators: Nikfan, Bigus, Larixin and Zircon. The application of growth regulators allows us to transfer the seedlings by the method of green grafting on rootstock bushes in the first or second year of life, that saves them from premature ruin from phylloxera and accelerates the timing of the fruiting stage of 2 times. As a result, the efficiency of the breeding process increases due to earlier time of seedlings selection to the elite and reducing of seedlings loss from phylloxera of 2-10 times.
The article presents the ways to solve the problems arising during the acclimatization of test tubes plants to non-sterile environmental conditions when creating the collections of healthy grapes in the open field. The main often problems in adapting to non-sterile conditions are the low survival rate of plants and their slow development in the initial period. These aspects can slow down the creation of healthy collections of varieties and promising hybrid forms of grapes in the open field. In order to improve survival and stimulate the development of post vitro grape plants, the effectiveness of the use of new generation of preparation was studied. A positive aftereffect of a new generation of Melafen preparation, added to the culture medium during in vitro culture, is shown for subsequent adaptation to non-sterile conditions. It was found that the use of Melafen in the initial stage of adaptation (30 days), contributes to the improvement of plant survival rates and development. In the future (after 60 days), the weakened aftereffect of the drug and leveling of development indica-tors are noted. The results of the study of the new generation of Siliplan and Lignohumate Potassium preparations for increasing in the adaptability of the in vitro of sanated aboriginal Don grape varieties when their planting them in non-sterile environmental conditions are presented. The best variant of the experiment was a variant with the use of potassium Lignohumate. At the same time, there was a clear tendency to improve the survival and development of the root system in all studied varieties. The positive effect of Siliplan-U using was at the control level. The research is supported by the program for the development of bioresource collections of FAO ( 0705-2017-0016).
Strawberry garden grows in the most regions of Russia, but it is demanded to a great extent of water regime and mineral nutrition. This crop are equally sensitive to both waterlogging and lack of moisture in the soil. The drought during the period of ovary growth and fruiting declines in particular the strawberry yield. Fertigation and drip irrigation are the elements of intensive technology of growing horticultural crops. The task of our research is to determine the contribution of genotype, environment factors and their interaction to the yield of strawberry at various ways of plants fertilizing and drip irrigation. The area of research is the Leninsky District of the Moscow Region. Varieties of strawberry garden are Honey, Rusich, Troitskaya, Dukat. The research show that these varieties are resistant to unfavorable conditions of the Non-chernozem zone and they have a high potential yield capacity. The use of fertigation with soil mulching by geotextile and preliminary application of phosphate-potassium fertilizers increase in influence harvest. The reliable influence the factors of the variety (genotype) and the conditions of the year in all variants of the experiment was established using two-factor analysis of variance. In addition, the factors interaction significantly affected the yield. Compared to the control, during the fertilization of strawberry plantations with a solution of mineral fertilizers he interaction of the factors did not significantly effected the yield, an increase in random factors was observed. Mulching of the soil with geotextile reduced the degree of influence the yield of environmental conditions and increased in the influence of the variety. Fertigation with a solution of higher concentration increased in the impact on strawberry yield of random factors.
The most important criterions for optimizing the construction parameters of the orchard are the level of technogenic loads, the payback period of capital investments, the productivity of trees through the use of special systems for the formation of crowns, etc. For the current level of development of the fruit growing industry, the urgency of creating fruit trees with a leaf canopy that actively uses light and assimilates PhAR by method of surgical treatment of the crown is due, first of all, to the economic aspect of organizing stable fruits production in an unstable environment. The solution of this task in 2015-2017 the works on the implementation of a resource-saving control system elaborated in the NCRRIH&V for the stereometric parameters of "crown-row" in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in young orchards of the middle-apple tree of the winter ripening was devoted. The object of research is the apple-tree of 2012 landing on the MM106 rootstock of the Aidared, Renet Simirenko, Golden Delishes varieties in the industrial plantations of the "Sady Predgoria" (Seversky District, Krasnodar Territory) in gray forest-steppe soils. The introduction of the formation system "crown-row" was carried out in 2013. For 4 years after planting, the plantation structure already had the appearance of a continuous series of trees, the crowns of which were a single structural unit. As a result of the works on the introduction of the system for the formation of the "crown-row" apple-tree in the foothill zone of the Krasnodar Territory, a rational design of apple tree plantations was established on a mid-growth rootstock, which makes it possible to effectively increase in the level of intensification of fruit production by increasing in the density of plants, reducing the labor costs for trees cutting and sustainable growth of apple tree productivity.