Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Despite the increase in the average annual temperature observed in recent decades in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, the problem of winter and frost resistance of grapes remains urgent. The purpose of this work is to reveal the adaptive changes in the metabolism of various grape varieties that arise in response to the climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period, on the basis of physiological and biochemical parameters, to identify resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amuro-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amuro-American origin; Zarif Eastern European origin; Aligote Western European origin. It was found that the Krasnostop AZOS variety was distinguished by the greatest decrease in tissue water content (by 10%), as well as an increased content of bound water (48.50% of the total amount) in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. The lowered temperatures in November contributed to the hydrolysis of starch and its transformation into soluble sugars that protect cells from the formation of ice crystals. In the middle of winter, the starch content in all varieties decreased due to its hydrolysis, and to a greater extent in Dostoynyi varieties (10.38 times), Krasnostop AZOS (9.63 times), Zarif (8.75 times). In addition to soluble sugars, the adaptive resistance of grapes to low temperatures was achieved an increase in the content of anthocyanins in the shoot bark. The maximum increase in anthocyanins (2.69 times) was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety, indicating their significant role in adaptive processes. It was found that, according to the degree of tissue hydration, the content of bound water, anthocyanins, soluble proteins, and the degree of starch hydrolysis, the Krasnostop AZOS variety showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter conditions of 2020-2021 in comparison with other studied varieties.
It was found that a deeper (36-40 cm) planting of seedlings with a high bud grafting compared to the standard (5-20 cm) influenced the change in growth processes in various graft-rootstock combinations. Also, these changes have a variety-specific character: in trees of the Prikubanskoe variety, the deepening caused an increase in the diameter of the stem, regardless of the strength of the growth of the rootstocks (SK 2U and SK 7); in the trees of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe variety, this correlation was noted in combinations with the rootstocks of SK 2U and SK 7. Trees grow better with a slight deepening (15-24 cm) on the rootstock of SK 4. The largest size of the stem of apple trees of the Prikubanskoe and Kubanskoe bagryanoe varieties on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was noted with the greatest planting depth of 36-40 cm in the experiment, which is quite understandable by the features of the architectonics of the fibrous root system of trees on the rootstocks of dwarf growth force. The basic mass of the fibrous roots of these trees are located in the soil layer up to 60 cm, and with increased heating of the upper soil layer, typical for the summer months of the last 10 years, the roots tend to the soil horizons with more favourable humidity and temperature conditions. Analysis of the total yield capacity over 6 years of fruiting showed that an increase in planting depth contributed to an increase in the yield capacity of trees of the graft-rootstock combinations Prikubanskoe/SK 2U and Prikbanskoe/ SK 7; Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 2U and Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 7. The best for yield capacity of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 4 combination is the deepening of seedlings when planting by 20-24 cm. The genotype of the variety largely determines the productivity of trees of graft-rootstock combinations with different degrees of root penetration during planting trees of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe variety, regardless of the type of rootstock, reacted more strongly to deeper planting.
Based on experimental studies, the production variability of table grape variety Pamyati Uchitelya was established when manipulating the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. Field studies were carried out in the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region, the planting scheme of the bushes is 3.5 × 3.5 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon, the rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature at the study area is 12.5-13.0 ºC, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, the minimum in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual precipitation is 700-800 mm. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The grape variety Pamyati Uchitelya has a high production responsiveness to manipulations with the vegetative and generative organs of plants under such agroecological conditions. There is a change in the bunch weight and the grape yield, depending on the load of the bushes with shoots and bunches. The largest bunch weight (0.551 kg) is formed at the lowest load of bushes with shoots of 18 pcs/bush and bunches of 27 pcs/bush in the Central agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region. The correlation dependence of the average bunch weight of grapes on the number of shoots was very weak, r = 0.1, on the number of bunches inverse and weak, r = -0.26. The highest yield capacity was at the highest load of bushes with shoots (30 pcs/bush) and bunches (54 pcs/bush) and amounted to 19.40 t/ha. The correlation dependence of yield capacity on the number of shoots on the bushes was weak, r = 0.2, on the number of bunches medium, r = 0.5, on the bunch weight strong, r = 0.7.
The study of grape growth processes is an urgent area of research in view of their close relationship with the productivity and quality of grapes. And the establishment of the influence of such an important agrotechnical parameter as planting density is a prerequisite for obtaining a consistently high and high-quality grape yield. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of planting density on growth processes, productivity and quality of grapes and wine from the Riesling Rhenish variety in unstable weather conditions in the south of Russia. As a result of the work, the growth processes of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were studied, the dependence of productivity and quality on planting density was established. It was found that in the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and biological stability of grape plants in plantings are observed at a planting density of 2222 pcs/ha (3.0 x 1.5 m). With the crowding of plantings, the length of one-year growth decreases by 7.3-28.9 cm and the leaf surface area of grape bushes also decreases. Thus, with an increase in density by 1.3 times from 1666 to 2222 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 1.4 times, and with an increase in density by 2 times from 1666 to 3333 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 2.5 times. High productivity of Riesling Rhenish grapes is achieved with a planting density of 2222 and 3333 bushes per hectare. At the same time, the quality indicators of grape berries are at a high level, the tasting score is 7.93-7.94 points.
A rational feeding area for grape bushes in intensive type plantings has been established. Due to the need to increase the volume of grape production, there was a need to improve the techniques and methods of cultivation of this valuable crop. Since the feeding area of grape bushes has a great influence on the growth, development and productivity of grape plants, we conducted research to determine the optimal planting density for the technical grape variety Tsvetochny. The conducted research has established that the feeding area of grape bushes has a certain influence on the main processes of the vital activity of the grape plant and the complex of economic and biological indicators. Grapes are the main raw material for the wine industry. About 85 % of the world's grape production is used to produce wines of various types. By its chemical composition and physico-mechanical properties, grapes belong to the most valuable types of vegetable raw materials. It is easily amenable to technical processing and provides products with high nutritional, taste and dietary qualities. The phytometric characteristics of the crown of grape bushes, the efficiency of the use of the land area and the trellis plane by the phytomass of plants depending on the feeding area of grape bushes and the influence of the feeding area of bushes on the growth and ripening of shoots are determined. The indicators of fruitfulness at different bush feeding areas and the influence of bush feeding area on the size and quality of the yield were studied. The solution of this issue will increase the efficiency of cultivation of this variety in the conditions of the Lower Don.