Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Within the framework of the joint program of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW and the Stavropol experimental station of horticulture � Branch of Federal State Scientific Institution �North-Caucasian FNAC�, for the breeding of apple tree rootstocks, hybrids of apple-tree rootstocks of the ST series were assessed in terms of their adaptability to the conditions of the summer vegetation period in the central subzone of the Prikuban horticultural zone (Krasnodar city). The resistance of apple rootstocks to the stresses was determined by the water content and water-holding capacity of the leaves, which characterize the ability of plants to maintain water homeostasis during stress. In the nursery of offspring rootstocks, the drought resistance of apple tree rootstocks was determined by the laboratory-field method during the period of the greatest intensity of the water regime of plants. The zoned rootstock MM-106 was used as a control. The leaves of rootstocks CT 20-2 and CT 18-2 retained water better, in which the water loss for 2 hours of exposure was 28.3 and 30.3 % compared to 34.7 % for the control rootstock MM-106. The high water-holding capacity of the ST 20-2 rootstock was previously noted in the dry August 2020 � water loss in 4 hours was 31.5 % compared to 53.0 % for rootstock MM-106. The most productive were trees of the Prikubanskoye variety on rootstocks SK 2U, ST 20-4, 106-3, ST 13-3. The best specific productivity for five years of fruiting was in trees on rootstocks SK 2U, SK 5 and ST 13-3 hybrid (5.28; 4.74 and 4.22 kg/m2 ). Selected and recommended f or participation in breeding programs as a source of drought resistance rootstock ST 20-2 (MM-106 x M 9) and as a source of tree productivity in the garden, rootstock ST 13-3 (rootstock 58-250 x free pollination).

Annotation

This article presents the results of research breeding work carried out in 2022. As a result, 300 seedlings were obtained, which are currently planted in a permanent place on a hybrid plot. 20 combinations of crosses were carried out, ten of which were made to obtain new high-quality technical varieties with high quality of final products and resistant to the main biotic and abiotic stressors. Ten more combinations were carried out in order to obtain high-quality large-berry a nd seedless table varieties with an early ripening period. As a result of crosses, 4,500 seeds were obtained. 3 hybrid forms of grapes of average ripening period, average growth strength, high-yielding and tolerant to phylloxera have been allocated to the elite. As a result of the mechanical analysis, it was found that the studied hybrids are slightly superior in the mechanical composition of the bunches to the control variety. As a result of chemical analysis, it was found that elite hybrid forms have high sugar accumulation and optimal acidity compared to the control variety, as well as a high content of phenolic substances along with a low presence of nitrogenous substances in the must. These hybrids are promising for further study. In 2022, technical grape varieties Varvarovskiy and Garmoniya were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation approved for use. In addition, 5 sources of valuable traits were identified among grape varieties, including: large�berry � 2 varieties � Yubiley Moldavii and Kobzar, and seedless � 3 varieties - Ruby Sedlless, Assol and Lotos. Some of them were used in crosses to create new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, providing increased stability of agrocenosis and stability of fruiting.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies (2021-2022) on assessing the economically valuable properties and isolation of heterotic seedlings in the population �Talisman x Marquiza�. In the work of breeding new grape varieties, much attention is paid to the variety Talisman, which is highly valued as a donor of such traits as early ripeness, large berry size, downy mildew, gray rot and frost resistance. The object of the study was seedlings in the amount of 18 pcs and initial forms, in which agrobiological records were provided in accordance with 13 traits. The studies were carried out in the breeding plot of Partenit village, South Coast of Crimea. The scheme of planting grape bushes was 3 × 1.5 m, bush training � one-shouldered Guyot in the non-irrigated plot. Heredity pattern and indicators of heterosis were determined in the population according to the following traits: �bunch weight�, �fruitfulness coefficient�, �shoot productivity in terms of the raw bunch weight�, �mass concentration of sugars�. A transitional heredity pattern of �bunch weight� trait with the effect of adverse dominance of paternal form Marquiza was established in the population �Talisman x Marquiza�. According to this trait, the seedling � 21-11-4-39 was isolated with the effect of heterosis +1.07 %. According to the trait �mass concentration of sugars�, true heterosis with the effect of +16.0 % was established in the studied family. Correspondence of the trait �fruitfulness coefficient� in initial forms and offspring was registered. Percentage content � 27.8 % of seedlings, � 21-11-4-31, � 21-11-4-37, � 21-11-4-38, � 21-11-4-49, � 21-11-4-50, heterotic according to this trait, were isolated (the effect of heterosis ranged from +22.0 % to +121.3 %). The indicator of dominance degree of shoot productivity according to the raw bunch weight trait shows a hybrid depression. Three seedlings, superior to the best form of Talisman in this indicator with the effect of heterosis from +2.96 % to +36.29 % were isolated in the population.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the study and evaluation of bunches, berries and seeds of some technical grape varieties, as well as the Moldova variety, which has a universal use in Azerbaijan. Morphological, biological and technological features of the varieties selected as the object of research were studied according to the descriptors of the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV). Among the local and introduced grape varieties, Arna-grna, Khindogny, Gamashhara, Shirvanshahy and Moldova varieties outperformed the control and other tested varieties in terms of uvological parameters (weight, volume, bunch size, etc.). The yield of juice in the studied varieties varied within 63,5-86,8 %. The highest juice yield was noted in the Shirvanshahy variety (86,8 %), and the lowest in the varieties Carignan (63,5 %) and Syrah (63,8 %); the relatively low value of this indicator can be explained by the increased sensitivity shown by these varieties to local edaphoclimatic conditions, as well as climatic changes, when in the conditions of Azerbaijan in the areas of traditional rainfed viticulture, berries often do not gain enough juice without additional watering. By weight of 100 berries the studied varieties were mainly classified as small, and the varieties Arna-grna (481 g), Gyanjevi (341 g) and Moldova (317 g) were classified as medium. The sugar content of the berries of the studied grape varieties was assessed as medium, high and very high, in accordance with descriptor OIV 505; the highest indicator was noted in the Shirvanshahy variety (25,0 g/100 cm³).

Annotation

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the ten most valuable plants on the planet. All its parts are economically valuable. Most often, the species is grown for food purposes. Walnut fruits are of great economic interest for the food industry, directly its edible part (kernel). Fresh, natural kernels are eaten mostly as whole nuts or used in various confectionery products. The nut is a nutrient-rich product, mainly due to the content of: fats (from 60-77 %), protein (16.5-34 %) and carbohydrates (2-10 %). The purpose of the study is to evaluate promising varieties of walnuts in terms of fruit quality and to identify varieties with a complex of economically valuable traits. Modern programs and methods of breeding and variety study are used. The paper presents the results of a long-term study (2018-2022) of 16 varieties of walnut growing in the conditions of the North Caucasus region. In the course of the study, large-fruited varieties were established (with a fruit weight 12.1-14.0 g) MP-118, Rus�, Slavyanin, Vodnik, Olympiets, LP-40; high kernel content (from 53.1 to 56.1%): Timur, Rus�, Novinka, Terkin, Sokol, Yakhont, Nakhodka, Stimul, Vodnik, LP-40; high fat content (from 65 to 71 %): Terkin, Novinka, Slavyanin, Vodnik, Stimul, Shchedryi, Zemlyak, Sokol, Rus�, LP-40; fruits with thin-crust shells (0.8-1.2 mm): Shchedryi, Slavyanin, Timur, Novinka, Terkin, Sokol, Yakhont, Nakhodka, Stimul, Vodnik, LP-40, Rus�. All varieties have a high tasting score. The results of the study allowed us to identify three promising varieties: Vodnik, Rus� and LP-40 with a complex of economically valuable traits (fruit weight, kernel yield, kernel extractability, taste and high fat content). All studied variety forms are of interest for breeding and production, and they can also be recommended as sources for obtaining new varieties.