Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The reaction norm of the introduced wine grape variety Merlot in unstable conditions of the moderately continental climate of the south of Russia has been established. The research was carried out in the agroecological conditions of the Black Sea viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region in the industrial vineyards of the GC Abrau-Durso using modern methods of field research. Agrobiological accountings were carried out using the methods of agrotechnical study of grapes. The climate at the research areais moderate continental. The average annual air temperature is 14.1 ºC, during the growing season (May September) is 22.2 ºC, the maximum rises to plus 37.0 ºC, the minimum during the wintering period of grapes falls to minus 19 ºC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 544 mm, during the growing season 208 mm, during the active growth of grape berries (II. June-III. august) 96 mm. The grape plant reacts with the modification variability of phenotypic traits to the variation of environmental conditions. The lower limit of the modification variability of the cluster mass is 98 g and the upper limit is 121 g., the grape yield is 3.3 kg/bush and 6.8 kg/bush, the sugar content of the grape berries juice is 20.1 g/100 cm3 and 21.6 g/100 cm3 . The reaction norm is 23 g, 3.5 kg/bush and 1.5 g/100 cm3 , respectively. Against the background of the application of fertilizers, the lower and upper limits of the modification variability increased respectively: the cluster mass by 16 % and 9 %, the grape yield by 48 % and 16 %, the sugar content of the grape juice of by 10 % and 7 %. The reaction norm decreased: reduction for the cluster mass as phenotypic trait was 22 %, for the grape yield 14 %, and for the sugar content of the berry juice 67 %.
The propagation technology for pear varieties and forms by herbaceous cuttings under circumstances of fog forming installations was successfully developed with the use of such growth Regulators as β-indolyl-3-acetic acid, β-indolyl-3-butyric acid, α-naphthylacetic acid. According to the results of the analysis of the degree of rooting of herbaceous cuttings of varieties Pamati Yakovleva (control), Avgustovskaya rosa, Osennyaya Yakovleva and rootock forms K-1; K-2; 4-26; 4-39, the varieties Pamati Yakovleva (control), Avgustovskaya rosa, Osennyaya Yakovleva and rootock form 4-39 were considered, which are able to take root with use of growth stimulator IBA (55.0 to 65.0 %) and also having the highest accretions (12.0 to 13.5 cm), the largest diameter of conditional root neck of 1.5 mm, the largest root number and their length (6.0 to 7.0 cm) and (from 9.0 to 9.5 cm). After IAA treatment, the best height of plants (11.0 to 11.5 cm), diameter of conditional root neck of 1.0, root number 6.0 pcs., root length (8.0 to 8.5 cm) were found in varieties Pamyti Yakovleva (control), Avgustovskaya rosa, Osennyaya Yakovleva. NAA promoted the best results in accretions height (10.0 to 10.8 cm), diameter of conditional root neck of 1.0 mm, root number (5.0 to 6.0 pcs), root length (7.0 to 7.5 cm) for varieties Pamyati Yakovleva (control), Avgustovskaya rosa, Osennayay Yakovleva. As a result of the conducted researches, it was found that the best results in rooting of herbaceous cuttings of pear after application of IBA occurred to be in the varieties Avgustovsckaya rosa, Osennya Yakovleva, Pamyati Yakovleva (control) and form 4-39. After IBA application varieties Pamyati Yakovleva (control), Avgustovsckaya rosa, Osennya Yakovleva and form 4-39 showed the best plant height, diameter of conditional root neck, and root number and length. After IAA and NAA treatment the best results of quality of the rootstocks that have been rooted were in the varieties Pamyati Yakovleva (control), Avgustovskaya rosa, Osennaya Yakovleva.
The paper presents the results of a vegetation experiment to study the effect of VL 77 on the regenerative capacity of two-buds cuttings of Moldova variety. The cuttings were soaked for 24 hours in working solutions of the studied preparation at concentrations of 0.005; 0.01; 0.05; 0.1 and 0.5 %. The cuttings of the control variant were soaked in water for the same time, and the cuttings of the standard variant were soaked in a 0.01 % IAA solution. The cuttings were germinated in plastic containers filled with water. The use of VL 77 had a positive effect on growth processes, increasing the length of the shoots by 1.8-5.0 cm or 43.9-122.0 %. A clear pattern of a decrease in the average length of shoots with an increase in the concentration of the drug from 0.005 to 0.5% was revealed. The highest intensity of opening of eyes, and the degree of their opening, as well as the highest total growth, were characteristic of cuttings in the variant with a concentration of the studied drug of 0.005%. Treatment of cuttings with VL 77 led to a significant improvement in virtually all the main indicators of their root-forming ability: rooting rate, length of the pre-root period, yield of cuttings with three roots or more, the number of roots, their total length. The greatest effect was obtained with the use of 0.005 % concentration of VL 77. In this variant, rooting increased by 18.5%, the proportion of cuttings with three roots or more by 32.5 %, the average number of roots of the cuttings by 39.6%, root length 4.1 times. The length of the pre-root period decreased by 4.5 days. Thus, the tested drug VL 77 can be attributed to effective stimulators of the regenerative capacity of grapevine cuttings.
The purpose of the research was to develop optimal algorithms for obtaining resonance frequency preparations of heteroauxin to intensify the production of own-rooted grape seedlings. The previously revealed regularities of processing the intermediate carrier by an electromagnetic field in the spectrum of resonant frequencies of biologically active substances during direct removal are confirmed. To clarify the degree of efficiency of the operating modes of the process hardware in relation to the tasks being solved, certified devices have been tested both in independent and in coupled versions of operation. An assessment of the applicability of individual operating modes of the equipment used in obtaining resonance frequency preparations is given. Optimal algorithms for their creation based on the properties of native heteroauxin are revealed. The high efficiency of the coupled use of the IMEDIS-BRT-A devices in the transfer and MINI-EXPERT-DT modes of the 1997-2009 model with the output of the operating frequency spectrum through the emitter connected to it is shown. A number of positive results were obtained during the independent application of the IMEDIS-BRT-A device in the transfer mode with additional modulation of the electromagnetic field of the emitted spectrum according to the golden section principle. The high efficiency of the use of available technical means for the treatment of the intermediate component with an electromagnetic field in the frequency spectrum of the preparation heteroauxin for rooting grape cuttings has been established. A working hypothesis of the obtained results is proposed, which consists in the fact that the treatment of biological objects with resonance frequency preparations made from a native matrix preparation can purposefully stimulate the synthesis of those substances whose spectral analogues they are. At the same time, there is a synergistic effect of the interaction of the frequency analogue with the native starting substance, since in the experiment variant, where the matrix was absent under the same operating modes of the equipment as when working with the matrix-preparation, the effectiveness of the experiment was consistently lower. The expressed hypotheses, in our opinion, have a basis and require further study of the effects obtained in order to consolidate the results obtained and transfer recommendations to production.
In the Krasnodar region over the past 20 years, during the summer vegetation period of fruit plants, the main abiotic stresses are increased air temperature exceeding the long-term climatic norm by up to 7 degrees, and prolonged droughts, the combination of which negatively affects the growth, development and yield capacity of fruit plants, especially in conditions of insufficient irrigation regime. The greatest manifestation of high-temperature stress is observed in two periods in the first decade of July and the third decade of August. Considering that it is at this time that two most important stages of apple tree development take place simultaneously the differentiation of fruit buds (July) and the ripening of the fruits of the current year's harvest (August), the resistance of fruit plants to high-temperature stresses is a necessary condition for the normal course of their production process. The effect of mycorrhization of apple young plants with a biopreparation based on symbiotic fungi of arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus sp. on the drought-resistance of Prikubanskoe apple variety on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was studied. Mycorrhization of plants with a biopreparation based on symbiotic fungi Glomus sp. in most variants positively affected the resistance to high temperatures and drought of experimental apple trees. The best water-retaining ability of the leaves (for 2 and 4 hours of exposure) was shown by plants in the variant with root treatment at a dose of 1.0 g of a biological preparation. Mycorrhization of apple young plants can be recommended as a nature-like technology that increases the adaptive potential of apple plants by mobilizing the mechanisms of symbiotic interaction of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and the root system of plants.