Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The aim of the work is to evaluate the economic efficiency of grape production in the southern part of the coastal lowland of Dagestan. To determine the economic efficiency of grape production, the following indicators are taken into account: yield capacity, average sales price, cost of production, profit and profitability level. Calculations of the economic efficiency of research showed that it is determined primarily by the quality indicators of the yield, which is formed under the influence of growing conditions in a particular territory. It is revealed that in the production costs of the commercial farm unit, the largest share is occupied by remuneration and the maintenance of fixed-capital assets. The cost of grape production in 2010-2014 ranged from 11014 to 12485 thousand rubles and for the period 2016-2020 it ranged from 12396 to 18117 thousand rubles. It is established that the greatest increase in expenses in the commercial farm unit is associated with the use of energy resources, the purchase of spare parts, repair materials, fuel and lubricants, as well as with the implementation of protective measures against grape pests and diseases. Meanwhile, the costs associated with the application of organic and mineral fertilizers have been decreased. The analysis of the economic efficiency of individual industries shows that animal farming in a specialized winegrowing commercial farm unit should be of an auxiliary nature for the needs of domestic consumption. It is determined that the main factor determining the level of sustainability and efficiency of the industry is the transition to a new more intensive level of production, reducing of labor costs and material resources per unit of production, while increasing the yield of grape plantations.
The issue of obtaining planting material for fruit crops, free from pathogens, including viruses and phytoplasma, is of high relevance at the present time. The use of modern methods of biotechnology and molecular genetics is an important element in the production of improved planting material, since it allows not only to obtain plants in the culture of meristems in vitro and to produce their microclonal propagation, but also allows control the presence of viral and phytoplasmic pathogens, the identification of which by external symptoms can be difficult due to the presence of a latent form of disease. The article presents the results of the implementation of complex studies on microclonal reproduction of various crops of fruit crops, as well as an analysis of modern scientific literature on this topic. In addition, the results of molecular genetic studies in the part of the analysis of the genetic stability of plants obtained in vitro and the identification of viruses are presented. It was noted that at all stages of micropropagation, including the use of a culture of meristems, it is often necessary to develop variety-specific protocols. Optimal protocols for sterilization of explants of pome and stone fruit cultures using disinfecting tablets "OKA-TAB" and antimicrobial preparation BIO-PAK have been developed. The dependence of the intensity of the release of phenolic compounds by explants and their further necrotization upon introduction into culture in vitro on the phases of development and the age of donor plants was revealed. The optimal concentrations of nutrient media components, as well as phytohormones, have been established for a number of varieties and rootstocks of pome and stone fruit crops of domestic breeding. As part of the analysis of the genetic stability of plants obtained under in vitro conditions, ISSR and IRAP DNA markers have been identified that are promising for use for these purposes on apple stocks (ISSR: UBC 811, UBC 841 and UBC 843; IRAP: Cass 1 and ass 2). When analyzing the genetic stability of the rootstocks of large-stone cultures using ISSR DNA markers, the identity of the DNA profiles was revealed, which testifies to the preservation of genetic stability for this rootstock using the developed micropropagation protocols. Based on the use of a complex of biotechnological and molecular genetic methods, genetically homogeneous rootstocks of stone fruit cultures, free from the virus pox disease of plum, were obtained. These plants, after testing for other viruses of stone crops and in the absence of such, will be transferred to the category of candidates for initial and, after retesting, can be transferred to the category of initial plants and serve as a basis for further mass production of virus-free rootstocks.
Biotechnology is introducing into agricultural practice at a rapid pace. The biotechnological methods used play an important role in the cultivation of agricultural, horticultural and ornamental plants, which improve their agronomic performance. Biotechnological methods are highly effective because plant cells are totipotent, which means that every cell has the genetic information and cellular machinery needed to create an entire organism. Thus, with the help of tissue culture technology, it is possible to obtain a large number of plants that are genetically identical to the parent, as well as to each other. Plant tissue culture technology is widely used for large-scale plant propagation. In addition to being used as a research tool, plant tissue culture techniques have in recent years acquired important industrial significance in the fields of plant propagation, disease elimination, plant improvement, and the production of secondary metabolites. Small pieces of tissue (called explants) can be used to produce hundreds or thousands of plants in a continuous process. One explant can be propagated to several thousand plants in a relatively short period of time and under controlled conditions, regardless of the season and weather, on a year-round basis. The article provides a brief overview of the most important biotechnological methods used, such as micropropagation, meristem culture, somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation, in vitro selection, protoplast culture and somatic hybridization. Based on the analysis of literature data, the assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each biotechnological method is made, and how the considered biotechnological methods can affect the nursery industry and change the growing systems in nurseries.
Apricot and peach are very valuable food products, especially apricot, which contains not only sugars, but also a large amount of carotene (up to 16 mg/100 g), phosphorus 23 mg/kg and potassium 259 mg/kg. The fruit contains many phenolic compounds (ferulic, n-coumaric, chlorogenic, caffeic and other acids), flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, isoquercitrin and others), vitamins A, B1, B2, PP, C, catechins, aromatic components. The stone contains amino acids, the enzyme emulsin, fatty oils, consisting of linoleic, oleic acids, glycerides. At the same time, there are practically no industrial plantings of these crops in Belarus. And one of the reasons is the lack of planting material that can guarantee the producers a stable yield. It is required to develop methods for express assessment of the compatibility of rootstocks and grafts. The article presents the results of a study of 24 graft-rootstock combinations of apricot and peach in a nursery (2019-2020) for a number of biochemical parameters characterizing the physiological state of plants and, as a consequence, the compatibility of the rootstock and graft at the stage of growing planting material in a fruit nursery. The content of RNA and DNA (using a set of reagents ArtRNAminiSpin) and their ratio for 4 clonal rootstocks and 24 graft-rootstock combinations of peach and apricot were determined, on the basis of which the coefficients of compatibility were calculated, which made it possible to distinguish three groups: good compatibility; medium compatibility; poor compatibility. The change in the content of chlorophyll and phenolic compounds in dynamics, the content of starch in the roots of annual seedlings, which is also an indicator of the interaction of graft-rootstock combinations, has been established.
The demand for the development of universal technologies by the method of green cuttings increases significantly in the production of basic mother plantings, i.e. when creating high quality planting material. Green propagation is one of the fastest and relatively cheap in relation to the in vitro method of propagation of plants from mother plantings of the original category. It is also necessary in the production of seedlings for intensive planting of hybrids, introduced material of interest. The relevance of identifying adaptive rootstocks and effective technologies makes it necessary to carry out joint research work with other institutions, increasing the evidence base and the accuracy of research, while significantly reducing the research time. The value of the direction lies in the possibility of isolating plants with a wide biopotential, which is especially valuable when stressful situations for stone fruit crops increase, especially in the spring-summer period. As a result of studies on shoot-forming ability, the most adaptive rootstocks were identified in different growing conditions VSL-2 (KESS VIR breeding), Gisela 5 (Germany), 3-107, AI 1, 3-20 (NCFSCHVW breeding), AI-5 BD, AI-1 BD (NCFSCHVW and RUE Institute of Fruit Growing breeding). All new forms of rootstocks were characterized by resistance to coccomycosis. Rootstocks with a short period of callus formation were noted. It was found that in the conditions of the south of Russia this indicator depended on the preparations used to increase rhizogenesis, in Belarus conditions on the genotypes of the rootstocks. When propagating by green cuttings, a high yield of rooting was noted under the conditions of Belarus in rootstocks AI 1, AI-1 BD (100 %), VSL-2, AI-74 BD, AI-5 BD (85.2-91.2 %), under conditions of elevated temperatures in the south of Russia in forms 3-20 and AI-5 BD, VSL-2, AI-1 BD, (67-98 %). According to the joint data, the AI-1 DB rootstock was identified for all the studied parameters.