Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article reveals the main factors and moments that characterize the develop-ment of viticulture in the Gudermessky district of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR in the 80s of the XX century. It is emphasized that this area is more suitable for viticulture than the "old" areas Naursky, Shelkovskoy and Nadterechny. In confirmation, emphasis is placed on more favorable edaphoclimatic conditions, the possibility of introducing a non-covering and semi-covering grape culture, a higher adaptability of the population to the industry, due to the proximity to the Khasavyurtovsky District, where the population was engaged in viticulture much earlier. It was found that by the mid-1980s 8 specialized farms (wine collective farms) operated in the district, which are part of the production and collective farm association "Checheningushvino". The area of vineyards was systematically growing, the wine collective farms achieved high results in terms of gross production of grapes and grape yield capacity. A special place was given to securing vineyards for mobile groups of wine-growers (family contract) and tenants. The culture of grapes in the region occupied a prestigious place among other branches of the agro-industrial complex. It was especially noted that the processes of intensification of production were launched. High-value grape varieties with increased frost resistance were tested, allowing them to switch to a non-covering crop; the bushes were transferred to more advanced pruning, which were distinguished by a greater capacity in terms of load with shoots, etc. After the release of the Anti-Alcohol Decree and subsequent negative processes that led to the collapse of the country (and to military operations in Chechnya), the industry began to curtail. However, the experience accumulated by generations of growing grapes finds its application.
Monitoring of the key metabolite, the amino acid proline, in the grape plant is necessary to study the physiological mechanisms underlying the adaptive reactions of grapes in a changing climate. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of the content of free proline in various grape varieties, to identify varieties with increased resistance to low temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various genetic origin: Kristall (control), Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Aligote, Zarif. The content of proline was determined by capillary electrophoresis on a Kapel 104R device according to a technique based on obtaining an electrophoregram using direct detection of the absorbing components of the sample. In January-February, the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg had an increased content of proline in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif. In the shoots of the varieties Kristall,, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, it was 7.38-8.26 g/g fresh weight; in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif 4.12-5.16 g/g fresh weight. In the buds of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the content of proline was 7.92-9.21 g/g fresh weight, in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif 4.57-5.90 g/g fresh weight. After artificial freezing in the shoots of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the proline content increased by 1.13-1.23 times, in other studied varieties it almost did not change. It has been shown that proline plays a significant role in the implementation of the stressprotective reactions of grapes to low temperatures. It has been established that according to the dynamics of the free proline content, the varieties Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg are more resistant to low temperatures in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif.
The biological activity of the soil is formed mainly due to the microbiota living in it. In this regard, when creating agricultural technologies, the properties of microorganisms are widely used to increase the biological activity of the soil and reproduce soil fertility. Harmoniously functioning soil largely determines the nutritional properties of the agricultural products produced on it, which takes the corresponding technologies from the category of regenerative to health-saving technologies. Considering that soil microorganisms play an important role in the transformation of substances in the soil, the influence of the bio-organo-mineral complex AKM on the intensity of substrate-induced soil respiration in the near-root zone of trees was evaluated to assess the degree of bioactivity. A positive effect of AKM on the growth of chlorophyll content in apple tree leaves has been established. The beginning of the increase is observed 33 days after the application of fertilizer and in subsequent periods this trend continues. The obtained results confirm the existence of a relationship between chlorophyll concentration in leaves and productivity. Based on the data of the experiment, we can conclude that the bio-organo-mineral complex AKM is a means of soil bioactivation. This is expressed in an increase in soil respiration during the growing season by 8.8-45.5 %. The magnesium contained in the complex provides an increase in suction power due to an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll (4.8-36.5 %) and the intensity of photosynthesis, which ultimately leads to an increase in the availability of mineral nutrients associated with fruit trees. As a result of the action of AM, fruit yield capacity increases by 14.3 %, and their quality also increases. The importance of using magnesium fertilizers, in particular AKM, is associated not only with the ability to increase crop yields, but also with the ability to produce physiologically more valuable products in terms of nutrient content, which can be used in health conservation programs for the prevention, including endemic diseases of the population.
Modern agriculture is impossible without the use of plant protection products against pests and diseases, which, with their free development, significantly reduce the productivity of plantings and the marketability of the harvested crop. Research conducted in this direction abroad is aimed at using predictive mathematical models that link environmental factors that are significant for the pest and its development. At the same time, the system of intellectualization of such a forecast is increasingly being used with the use of artificial intelligence methods that independently form models based on constantly accumulating information databases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an automated program for forecasting the development of the oriental fruit moth, developed on the basis of the temperature factor of the environment for the subsequent selection of an optimal adaptive plant protection system for perennial crops. To compare the results of the automated calculation of the development of the eastern fruit moth with objective data in the field, we carried out observations of the calendar dates of the butterfly flights and overcoming the economic threshold of harmfulness (ETH) on pheromone traps placed in peach plantations, on which chemical treatments with insecticides were not carried out in the period from 2019 to 2022. In the course of the research, a useful computer program was developed to determine the calendar dates of the development of the oriental fruit moth based on air temperature data using flexible logical algorithms. It is established that the variability of the terms of individual development of the pest provides an increase in the phase periods with each successive generation. The use of a computer program will allow us to develop a system for protecting trees from pests, as well as to adjust the timing of measures depending on objectively changing indicators of the conditions of the year.
The paper presents the results of studies of trophic relationships of Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Torticidae) in the parasitoid - insect-host system in ampelocenoses. For the first time for the Anapa-Taman viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region, the species Bassus tumidulus (Nees, 1812) (Microdus tumidulus (Nees von Esenbeck, 1812), Therophilus tumidulus (Nees von Esenbeck, 1812) was established as a mass natural enemy of the European grape moth in the conditions of industrial plantings of grapes. During the observation period (2021-2023), this type of parasitoid was the most common in terms of the number of infected specimens of L. botrana, its frequency of occurrence exceeded that of other parasitoids recorded in these studies by 2.7 times. There is a lack of knowledge of the parasitoid fauna in the consortia formed around the European grape moth in ampelocenoses. Knowledge of trophic relationships of the main economically significant pest of the vineyards of the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region as a mechanism for regulating its abundance can help in the development of effective biologized protection measures in the fight against it. According to the results of extirpation, the seasonal dynamics of the flight of the adult parasitoid was revealed and compared with the life cycle of the harmful lepidopteran host. A complete adaptation of Bassus tumidulus to the target phases of the development of the European grape moth has been established. The conclusion is made about the specialization of the polyphage to this pest in the region. The characteristic features of Bassus tumidulus population dynamics were revealed, namely, an increase in the density of the hymenoptera population in ampelocenosis by the end of the growing season. The data of the biology of Bassus tumidulus, given in the literature, have been confirmed.