Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article presents genotyping results of 16 samples with indetermined status from the Ampelographic Collection Magarach by 9 nuclear microsatellite markers (ssrVVMD5, ssrVVMD7, ssrVVMD25, ssrVVMD27, ssrVVMD28, ssrVVMD32, ssrVrZAG62, ssrVrZAG79, ssrVVS2). Extraction of genomic DNA was carried out using a CTAB buffer from an average sample of young leaves or green cambial tissue of shoots. The purity and amount of DNA were assessed spectrophotometrically using a Biophotometer plus instrument. The polymerase chain reaction was performed on a T100 Thermal Cycler (BioRad). The PCR mixture consisted of a 2.5x reaction mixture and primers with fluorescent labels FAM, TAMRA, and R6G produced by OOO Sintol. The primers were combined into multiplexes in accordance with the size of the resulting amplicons and the annealing temperature. Fragment analysis of PCR products was performed on an ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer using Gene Mapper software. The varieties were identified by comparing the obtained DNA-profiles with the Vitis International Variety Catalog (VIVC) database. According to the results of genotyping, samples with indeterminate status are identified as varieties: Asyl Kara, Vasarga chernaya, Galbena de Odobeshti, Genusa Tsibil, Grec Rouge, Cruciulita, Marash Cherven, Muscat fleur doranger, Muscat Hamburg, Mtsvane Kakhuri, Negru Virtos, Ozirovka, Plavaie, Rkatsiteli, Saperavi, Tsolikouri. Deviations in the obtained DNA-profiles from the data of VIVC database by 1-2 alleles were revealed for 8 studied samples, which, presumably, can be explained by population variability, and in some cases by somatic mutations. This study demonstrates the result of molecular-genetic approaches to identify grape varieties.
The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies of the dynamics of the main climatic indicators over a 38-year period in the complex relief of the North Caucasus on the example of the specific conditions of the mountains and foothills of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in three horticultural zones Steppe, Foothill and Mountain-Steppe. Temperature conditions are divided into two periods 1985-2000 and 2001-2022, in order to identify patterns in the manifestation of the genotype in the phenotype under conditions of climate fluctuations. Research data confirm that the climate of the region is undergoing certain changes under the influence of global climatic processes that are currently taking place. The paper presents an analysis of the genotype-environment interaction on the example of pear varieties of different ripening periods and different frost resistance in Kabardino-Balkaria. The requirements of pear varieties by phases of their development to the dynamics of limiting environmental factors in the winter-spring period have been studied. An assessment of the corresponding requirements of varieties to growing conditions is given. Monitoring of changes in the passage of developmental phases (variability of phase lengths) is shown. Graphical models of the most vulnerable periods of the onset of critical temperature stresses in the winter-spring period have been developed for various pear varieties in different horticultural zones of Kabardino-Balkaria. The presented new knowledge about the protective and adaptive reactions of varieties for each phase of development will make it possible to manage not only the productivity of varieties as a whole (integral indicator), but also the production process, which will ensure an increase in yield capacity by at least 70-80 %. New solutions are proposed to identify genetically determined reserves in the analyzed pear varieties in order to use them in further breeding.
The observed increase in environmental pollution and more frequent climate stresses stimulate the introduction of nature-like technologies in all areas of agriculture. Preparations based on microorganisms are taken from natural communities and significantly increase the protective functions of plants against both biotic and abiotic environmental factors without causing damage to nature. One of the main advantages of preparations of biological origin is the preservation of natural soil fertility and an increase in the activity of soil microorganisms. There are a number of reasons hindering the growth of their use. These factors are related to the nature of their origin. There is a significant dependence of the effectiveness of the relationships of living organisms on biocenoses and biogeocenoses in specific environmental conditions. The development of technologies for the use of preparations based on microorganisms and their activity under certain conditions will make it possible to use natural resources wisely. As a result of studies of the effect biological preparations Gamair, Sporex Flavobacterin, Extrasol, Rizomax, FitActive Extra, Ribav Extra, combinations have been identified that positively affect the rooting of lignified cuttings of rootstocks BS-2, Evrika 99, Kuban 86 (AP-1), Krasnaya lenta (KEBS VIR breeding), PKG-13/1, 534 d-16, 918/13, 921-2, 934, 935-13, PK SK-1, PK SK-2 (NCFSCHVW breeding) in the first field of the nursery. The combinations rootstock fungicidal preparation growth-correcting preparation were found, which give the highest yield of plants per linear meter. Their effect on the growth of rootstocks (diameter and height) has been proven. A three-factor variance analysis, where a combination of all these factors (genotype, biofungicide, growth stimulant) was used as a factor, established a significant effect of the latter on the height (27.4%) and diameter (24.6%) of rooted cuttings. Upon receipt of high-quality rootstock material, combinations of preparations based on fungi and bacteria were isolated, which were not inferior in their effectiveness to the options where IMC was used these are Ribav-Rizomax, Ribav-Extrasol, Gamair-FitActive Extra, Extrasol-FitActive Extra.
The paper presents an assessment of the effectiveness of clonal propagation of promising clonal rootstocks for cherry and sweet cherry. The demand in clonal rootstocks for small-stone crops is due to the intensification of their production. Clonal rootstocks of FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding of the AI series meet the requirements for rootstocks: they provide restrained plant growth, a compact crown of trees, and are adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. AI rootstock explants are best introduced during the period of active shoot growth from April 3rd to early June for propagation of rootstocks in in vitro culture. In this period, the regeneration of explants is the highest and, depending on the genotype, varies from 67.6 to 75.6 % in AI 1, from 7.2 to 83.4% in AI 11 and from 66.7 to 75, 85% in AI 70. At the stage of multiplication in the presence of 6-BAP at a concentration of 1 mg/l, all rootstocks develop well on Murashige-Skoog (MS) and DKW nutrient media. The largest number of shoots already after the first passage was noted on the DKW medium with the addition of Fe-EDDHA 6.0-8.4 units/exp, with the addition of iron chelate Fe-EDTA, depending on the doubling, it is 4.6 up to 6.3 shoots per explant. In the control variant, 3.9 to 4.9 shoots are formed from one explant on MS medium with Fe-EDTA. In general, AI 11 and AI 70 rootstocks have a higher reproduction potential in all variants. Dispersion analysis showed a reliable influence of the factors Nutrient medium and Form of iron chelate on the reproduction coefficient for all studied rootstocks. The interaction both factors was observed only in AI 70 rootstocks. At the stage of micropropagation of AI series rootstocks, it is recommended to use DKW nutrient medium with iron chelate form Fe-EDDHA (100 mg/l) and 6-BAP 1.0 mg/l.
A necessary condition for identifying the most adaptive grape genotypes in unstable climatic conditions of the winter period is the constant monitoring of metabolic processes in the vine in response to changing climatic factors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the vine under the influence of winter stress factors, to identify the most adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amur-American origin; Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS intraspecific origin Vitis vinifera L; Vostorg Amur-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. By generally accepted physiological and biochemical methods, it was established that starch hydrolysis began in December with its transformation into soluble sugars, which perform an important cryoprotective function. In January, the content of sugars continued to increase, while that of starch continued to decrease. The maximum degree of starch hydrolysis was found in the Kristall and Vostorg varieties a decrease of 3.19 and 2.04 times, and the maximum ccumulation of starch in the pre-winter period was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety 8.12 mg/g dry weight. An increased content of sugars in the pre-winter period was found in Krasnostop AZOS variety 9.21 mg/g dry weight in comparison with other studied varieties. Vostorg and Kristall variety had the highest increase in sugar content 3.5 and 2.28 times. Anthocyanins showed their protective function to the maximum in Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties. After artificial freezing of shoots of Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties, the content of ions in the extract from the cells of the cortex increased slightly: potassium by 1.04 times, calcium by 1.01-1.03 times. In terms of the content of starch, sugars, anthocyanins, potassium and calcium ions, the Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter of 2021-2023 in comparison with other studied varieties.