Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the text of article it is noted that now in the Russian Federation there is a deficit of domestic wine materials for production of champagnes and sparkling wines. The research that carried out at "Magarach" Institute showed that for expansion of raw material base for production of sparkling wines it is possible to use the new grapes varieties with increase resistance to diseases and higher frost resistance. For definition of possibility of use of new grapes varieties for production of pink and red sparkling wines we studied the introduced red grapes varieties growing on the experimental plots. As control the Cabernet Sauvignon grapes was taken. The physical and chemical composition of grapes and a must is determined by the standard methods and methods of analysis accepted in wine-making. Data processing was carried out by means of mathematical statistics methods. The physical and chemical indicators of introduced from France and Italy grapes varieties (Malbek, Marselan, Sira, Barbera, Pti Verdo, Arinarnoa) are researched for definition of their possible use in the production of red sparkling wine materials and champagne. It is established that the studied varieties have a rather high capacity of phenolic substances. Mass concentration of sugars in a musts for the grapes growing in LLC "Legenda Kryma" is 180-215 g/dm3, titrable acids - 6,9-12,7 g/dm3, phenolic substances - 145-383 mg/dm3. The highest concentration of phenolic substances is defined in a must from Marselan grapes (383 mg/dm3) and Sira grapes (378 mg/dm3). It will allow to receive further from these grapes varieties the red wine materials with necessary contents of phenolic and color substances, regulating their accumulation by the different technological regimes.
Phenolic substances of plant origin possess a wide range of biological activity and low toxicity. These peculiariles of phenolic substances make them the high important in a food of the persons. The purpose of our research consisted in definition of the main groups of polyphenolic substances and antioxidant activity of extracts from various parts of vines. The grapes juice, the aqueous-alcoholic extracts of grapes berry skin and vine of Rkatsiteli and Cabernet Sauvignon were used for analysis. For the analysis of qualitative and quantitative structure of polyphenolic substances a chromatographic method with use of the Shimadzu LC 20 Prominence chromatograph was used. The research data of qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic compounds of grapes juice and aqueous-alcoholic extracts from berries and vine of the studied varieties are presented in the article. The analysis of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of juice, extracts of berry skin and vine of Rkatsiteli and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes varieties allowed to identify 22 and 33 phenolic components as a part of experimental samples. It is established that aqueous-alcoholic extracts of berries skin of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes possess the highest antioxidant activity in comparison with other products. Their values exceed by 3 times the level of the specified indicators of Rkatsiteli grapes. The high values of antioxidant activity are established as well as in the extracts of vine of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, exceeding a similar indicator of Rkatsiteli grapes by 6,7 times. It is shown that aqueous-alcoholic extract of berry skin of Cabernet Sauvignon possesses by a high technological reserve of polyphenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity and it determines the expediency of its use for increase of biological value of products.
The Russian winemaking significantly depends from availability of import wine materials. Deficiency of grapes raw materials can be reduced by increase in production of high-quality fruit wine drinks from the wild growing fruits and berries with biologically active substances in these composition. The lack of the competition in the market of wine-making production of wild-growing plants is the basis for production of qualitative fruit wine drinks. In our research we carried out an assessment of quality of new wine drinks like "Buket Primoria" port from the aktinidiya of Argut (Actinidia arguta) growing in the forests in the South of Primorskiy area of the Far East Region. For alcolization of wine materials the extract of a dogrose of wrinkled (Rosa rugosa) with a volume fraction of 75% ethyl alcohol is used. The composition of new wine drinks from an aktinidiya is presented in the article. Organoleptic, physical and chemical, biochemical indicators of ready products and the indicators of safety are determined using the standard methods in the wine-making and also spectrofotometric methods, a capillary electrophoresis, a gas chromatography. It is shown that the new wine drinks from fruits and berries of wild-growing plants meet the requirements of GOST 31729-2012, they contain the natural bioflavonoids and mineral substances more than the grapes wines. It is established that mass concentration of toxic elements in the new products doesn't exceed the admissible values. The organoleptic characteristics of new wine drinks are submitted. The conclusion is made about possibility of receiving of qualitative wine drinks like port from Far East wild-growing fruits and berries. It is shown that the prepared wine drinks like "Buket Primoria" port have a high level of biologically valuable components and original taste.
The work purpose is integration of new knowledge about biological features and form diversity of the decorative introduced plants on the example of a Hibiscus Syrian; the development of the agric and technological documentation accompany to the project of a modern small garden with a prevalence of an esthetic component. The novelty of this work is based by the main methodological principle of interdisciplinary approach to the purpose achievement. The article presents the results of complex research of the economic and biological potential of introduced varieties of Hibiscus Syrian; agric-technical recommendations for care of plants; the design concept of the landscape project creation of a small garden with use of Hibiscus Syrian varieties, steady against abiotic factors of the region. The developed elements of plants care as a result complex of research are based on the revealed phenology features of introduced varieties, intensity of growth processes, resistance to diseases and requirements to the level of soil fertility. The study of parametrical characteristics of introduced varieties of Hibiscus Syrian, their decorative traits and economic and biological potential allowed to develop the design concept of the project of a regular garden. The strengthening of a garden esthetic component was provided by accent elements of landscape composition with use of Woodbridge (cv. Woodbrige), Karneus Plenus (cv. Carneus Plenus), Red Hart (cv. Red Heart) varieties and by decorative plants groups with flowers of contrast color and blossoming terms of Duc de Brabant (cv. Duc de Brabant), Rachn Violette (cv. Russian Violet), Spetsiozus (cv. Speciosus). The integrated approach to the decision and an embodiment of a problem of creation of the modern individual project of a small garden provided the expansion of a utilitarian component which is estimated by profitability and functionality of object due to resistance of the used plants to abiotic factors and their durability.
In the market economy conditions the program and intention methods are one of important elements of the projected development, way of regulation of macro- and microeconomic processes, as the direction of opportunity's improvement in the expansion of agric-industrial complex capacity. The purpose of the presented work consists in development of methodical positions and practical basis of the program of agric-industrial complex development of the Republic of Abkhazia on the example of a fruit and grapes subcomplex, taking into account the specific features of modern conditions of economics. Market formation of horticultural economics of the Republic and its development includes a complex of the questions and demands to produce the decisions, in particular in the traditional directions - as economy sectors which have to be based on the development of program actions and their purposeful introduction. Development and implementation of "Program measures" are directed on the gradual restoration of infrastructure of the Republic and on the solution of problems of viticulture and vine-making branch and effective production of fruit crops. In this article the productive and economic characteristic of industrial fruit growing and viticulture in the Abkhazia Republic is given. The necessity of application of program and intention approach as a way of increase of effective management of development of viticulture s and fruit growing branches is based. The necessary economic conditions of branches stable development are defined. The social and economic assessment of efficiency of the program realization of these branches development is given. It is shown that realization of "Program measures" will form a basis of further development of Republic production infrastructure and promote to revival of its agric-industrial complex and expansion of the foreign trade positions. At the same time the Abkhazia can become one of the most important and traditional producers of environmentally friendly production of viticulture and fruit growing in the market system.