Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
To date, about 50 S-alleles have been identified in the apple tree, but in most study, the foreign varieties are analyzed, whereas for many wild apple species and domestic varieties, information on the allelic state of the S gene is insufficient. The present study presents the results of PCR analysis of wild-type forms of the genus Malus Mill., as well as a number of apple cultivars homologous for individual alleles of the S-locus. Wild species and varieties of the genus Ma-lus Mill., and cultivated apple cultivars of domestic origin (Malus domestica Borkh.) were used as biological objects of the study. The extraction of genomic DNA was carried out according to the minutes of the company Diversity Arrays Technology P/L with modifications. Relative frequencies of occurrence of S-alleles in the studied collection are determined. The allelic status of the S-locus is established for the species forms M. cerasifera 29494 (S3S10), M. purpureav. pendula 2396 (S2S3S10), M. prunifoliav. ringo (S7S9), M. spectabilisv. Rubraplena (S3S10); and for the varieties of Currency (S5S9), Cascade (S3S10), Krasula (S7S9), Uspenskoe (S2S3), Frigate (S3S10), Sorceress (S9S10). There was no clear correlation between the allele state of the S-locus and the taxonomic identity of the genotype. For the Malus series are identified S2, S3, S5, S7, S9, S10 alleles; the Baccatae and Kirghisores series have S2, S3, S5, S9, S10 alleles (the S7 allele is absent). Analysis of the allelic state of the S-locus can be used as an indirect marker of the level of ploidy. Since the presence of two S-alleles is characteristics for organisms with a diploid set of chromosomes, the presence of three alleles in the species M. Purpurea v. pendula 2396 (S2, S3 and S10) indirectly indicates a triploid genome.
Evaluation of the potential of new apple varieties and forms in the conditions of North Ossetia Alania is based on the study of the main elements of the productivity system: rapidity, the rate of increase in yield, the regularity of fruiting, and yield. The article gives an assessment of the production potential of promising apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The studies were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of selection and sorting of fruit crops. We studied the early maturity, the regularity of fruiting, the yield of trees of different varieties of apple. High-speed varieties of regional selection Fairy, Dawn, Talisman, Carmen, Gold Stream and foreign selection Liberty with very early maturity were allocated for the second year after planting annual garden plants on the MM-106 stock. It was noted that the the sign of the early fruit of the apple cultivar, with the exception of the Fairy variety, is immune to scab. The most productive varieties and forms of apple trees are distinguished in 2017: regional selection Prikubanskoe, In memory of esaulu, Union, Rodnichok, Carmen, Talisman, Lubava, Lubimoe Dutova, 12 / 2-20-35; foreign selection Gala Galaxy, Sunrise, Ligol, Pinova, Red Chif. The stable flatratio for the years of research (2014-2017) was noted in the apple-tree sorts: Red Amber, Soyuz, Prima, Gala Galaxy, Florina, Pinova and elite form 12/2-20-35. The study of the production potential of promising apple varieties of various maturation periods in the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania made it possible to identify the most valuable varieties from among the studied for use in breeding research and production.
Productivity is a complex indicator, consists of several elements biological potential (bouquet twigs, growth shoots, fruit buds) and actual yield (flowers, ovaries and fruits formed). The evaluation of all indicators was carried out according to the methodological recommendations of the Institute "Assessment of the formation and implementation of the productivity of sweet cherry" (NCRRIH&V, 2013). Calculations of generative potential (GP), biological productivity (BP) of fruit shoots, actual productivity (FP) of flowering period and formation of ovaries and fruits were carried out. It is established that main part of the generative potential (the fetal buds) is laid on bouquet branches 67-89%, on the one-year shoot this indicator is much lower 11-33 %. At the same time, the ratio of fruit and growth buds on bouquet branches is 3: 1, on annual shoots 2:1. Cherry varieties are distinguished with a deviation from the average values, the Krasnodarskaya Sladkaya variety has a significant superiority: in 363 fruit-bearing 92 growth buds (4: 1) are on perennial fruit wood. The largest number of fruit buds in relation to growth 197: 65 (3: 1) is noted in a variety of Shaluniay on an annual shoot. Determination of actual productivity (AF) after the flowering period has been showed that on average one fruit bud accounts for 3.0 flowers, ova-ry 1.5, fruit 1.2. On the basis of carried out study, cherry varieties of Kirina, Molodezhnaya, Nefris have been identified, with superior actual productivity indicators of 1.0-1.2 fruits per 1 fruit bud. Respectively, they have a high yield, in comparison with other studied varieties, of 15.0-20,0 kg from one tree. These varieties must be used in breeding programs as sources of productivity.
Persian walnut is the widespread crop, covering the territories with a temperate climate around the world. The reasons for the economic importance of the walnut production are the oil-rich with high nutritional val-ue and taste, as well as valuable wood. The zone of the North Caucasus is suit-able for the industrial production of Per-sian walnut, but to increase in economic efficiency and reduce the risks of losses from adverse climatic factors, it should be planted the varieties with high adaptability, having an optimal set of agronomic valuable signs. The article presents the results of a four-years study of 14 selected forms of walnut under the Sub Kuban area condition of the Krasnodar Territory. One of the most important traits for walnut varieties in the condition of Krasnodar Territory is the ability to control the recurrent frosts increasing in recent years. Late flowering walnut forms are able to avoid the frosts and suffer from them is much less. In this aspect, the phenological observations forms are carried out. The trade and consumer qualities of fruits are studied, as the market prices of the products vary significantly depending on these indicators. Also the risk of walnut trees damage by critical low winter temperatures is significant. We assessed the hardiness of generative organs and the resistance to the most harmful diseases for all samples studied. According to the results of study, four of the most promising forms of Persian walnut breeding of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (now NCFSCHVW) are selected.
The work is based on the results of own research and analysis of information and literature data. It is found out that a predominant place among cultivated in Russia at present planting fruit crops takes apple (76 %). Among other crops the plum is leading 60 % in its segment. Quality of cultivated material is different: from low level to world standards. The high level of competition with our own producers and imported plant material enhances the high quality of the produced seedlings. The article reflects the basic domestic nursery problems, their causes and possible solutions. This also applies to imported seedlings: assortment of imported varieties of fruit crops, varieties adaptability problems to our climate, demand for seedlings and fruits on the domestic market, phytosanitary status of seedlings. Solving of problems requires not only the active state support in the area of subsidies of planting production, adjustment of approaches to sapling import, trust to domestic nurserysts, but also a competent production control processes, including through the certification of propagation material. Domestic producers (garden farms) realized the need to establish the gardens by sapling of higher quality classes. But now they're not ready to acquire in the domestic nurseries the virus free planting material on its market value. To solve the identified problems in the NCFSCHVW the Breeding-Nurseryng Center for the production of planting material of fruit crops of higher quality classes was created on the base of Experimental industrial farming. Putting into operation of all facilities of Breeding-Nurseryng Center will allow to ensure by virus free saplings the Southern Russia horticulture.