Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The data on influence of lead cations on men's gametophyte of fruit crops are absent and it makes urgent the scientific pilot study of this problem. Experimental studying of resistance to stress of a men's gametophyt of fruit plants is possible when modeling the negative situations under the conditions "in vitro". The laboratory method of research of pollen growing up on artificial nutrient medium is wide spreading. In a number of research it is shown that viability of pollen under the conditions "in vitro" is significantly higher, than "in vivo". In the research for the experimental analysis of a hemo resistance of a men's gametophyt we used the pollen of 10 genotypes of a pear, 9 - cherries and 3 genotypes of sweet cherries. The analysis of functional activity of a men's gametofit of fruit crops was carried out by the modernized D.A. Trankovsky's technique, taking into account an indicator of growing up of pollen grains on the artificial nutrient medium under the conditions "in vitro". The laboratory analysis did not reveal the significant inhibiting influence of cations of heavy metals, on the example of lead salts, on functional activity of men's gametophyt of genotypes of a pear, cherry and sweet cherry. The positive effect of nitric food in a nitrate form on growing up "in vitro" of pear pollen grains is established. It means that the choice of nitrates of toxic metals as selective agents when studying a men's gametophyt of fruit plants is inadmissible. In the conclusion of article is noted that the level of impurity of the environment of chemical pollyutants significantly influences on the degree of fertility and viability of pollen of many species of fruit plants, therefore the morpho-physiological indicators of pollen grains noted in our research can be the marker signs of territories bioindication.
The article presents the results of the survey area adjacent to the Veselovsky reservoir. This is an interesting and very complex area, which the previously vineyard science has not paid of proper attention because it is outside the places of traditional viticulture. The territory is viewed with the route passages, studied and analyzed its space photographes. We studied in detail the key plot, research in which was performed in accordance with existing recommendations for assessing the suitability of soils for vineyards. We analyzed the climate, history of the region formation, geomorphology and we assessed the quality of the water in the Veselovsky reservoir and Sadkovskiy canal as a possible source of irrigation. On the various elements of the microrelief the wells are drilled, the soil profiles are laid down and described, the chemical analyzes of soil samples are carried out. Particular attention is paid to salinization and alkalinization of soils as the factors which are associated with major risks when we are assessing the suitability of soils for vineyards. Construction of the reservoir changed the reclamation situation. The most saline areas were flooded. In today's shores the groundwater level has risen, the processes of prairiefication, alinization and alkalinity soils are started. At present, the territory above the average water level in the reservoir which less than 4.0 meters are not suitable for laying of vineyards. The areas are suitable for vineyards located higher. The water quality in the bay Balka Bolshaya Sadkovka for vineyard irrigation purposes is estimated as satisfactory. The mineralization of water in the Sadkovskiy canal is two times lower than that of water in the bay. The use of this water for irrigation of vineyards is preferable.
In this article the problems of a modern nursery organization are presented, the features of development of landing material production in the Krasnodar Region according to import substitution are shown. During the fast development of production of various landing material the most important problems are the assortment of cultivated crops; the insufficient use of modern technologies of saplings production; the phytosanitary condition of nurseries; the lack of basic nurseries and modern hi-tech infrastructure; big share of manual works, etc. Lack of self-fertile varieties of many crops is observed, nurseries have not a wide line of varieties of various term of maturing, low focus on preferences of domestic consumers is noted. Because of climate shift from moderate continental to sharply continental the lack of adaptive technologies of cultivation and the corresponding varieties and rootstocks is sharply felt. For the solution of these problems the priority directions of development of a modern nursery with use of new achievements in virology, immunology, etc. are offered. The improvement of assortment of landing material of varieties and rootstocks highly adapted to bio and abiotic stressors is offered. The emphasis is made hat nursery farms have to rely on the market research carried out in this region and make their work taking into account the demands of certain groups of consumers. The development of the aggressive marketing technologies capable to resist to expansion of foreign technologies and import products on the Russian market is necessary, and scientific institutions have to the leading position in this process. In the article the strategy of the organization of production of landing material is offered considering to the different opportunities of the farms which are growing up the landing material of garden crops.
The Crimea is known as a recreational zone where a question of early receipt of fresh grapes during a resort season, and also the extension of the period of its consumption is very urgent. For the solution of this task the cultivation of grapes of early table varieties under the conditions of the covered soil is offered, that will provide the super early harvests. The agric and biological characteristics of table varieties of very early maturing are studied. The variability of beginning and passings of phenological phases is established, the potential efficiency and productivity is defined. The economic effect of cultivation of grapes varieties under the conditions of the uncovered and covered soil is estimated. Four table grapes varieties of very early maturing - Arkadia (control), Vostorg, Kodryanka, Livya are researched. It is shown that Arkadia and Kodryanka varieties have the rather late blooming of buds in the covered soil, and in the open soil. It is established that under the conditions of the covered soil the technological maturity of the studied grapes varieties in average comes in the second decade of July, at the same time a difference in terms of approach of technological maturity is in average 25 days. The smallest harvest from a bush is received for Vostorg grapes in covered soil (7,5 kg), and in the open ground (6,9 kg). The top yield is received at Livya variety in the covered soil - 11,2 kg. Indicators of net profit of Vostorg grapes have not insignificant distinctions when use the various technologies of cultivation. The Arkadia grapes (847,5 thousand rub/hectare), the Kodryanka (956,9 thousand rub/hectare) and the Livya (1291,4 thousand rub/hectare) allow you to gain the high economic effect of grapes cultivation in the covered soil.
The results of research of efficiency of system use of organic and mineral fertilizer of domestic production "Universalnoe" of prolonged action and annual leef feeding by Akvarin special fertilizers of various brands in the apple fructifying plantings of Prikubanskoye and Aydared varieties on M9 rootstock are presented in the article. In an experiment the standard methodical instructions for carrying out research in the long experiences with fertilizers were used. In fifth year experience after intra soil introduction of the "Universalnoe" fertilizer of prolonged action have been fixed the essential excess of content in the garden soil of mobile forms of the basic mineral elements in comparison with control option (without fertilizers). It is shown that the changing of the soil chemical indicators have been connected with nature of localization of fertilizer of prolonged action. The traits of localization were observed at a soil depth of 0-40/45 cm. In the leaves of shoots of the studied apple-tree varieties is noted the increase in content of nitrogen on 3-7 % and the content of potassium exceeded an indicator of control option on 7-18 %. The increase in the content of mineral elements in the leaves was followed by increase in activity of assimilation processes of apple-tree plants. It is shown that the conditions of mineral food of an apple-tree created by means of fertilizer system have been provided the higher level of soil fertility for realization of reproductive potential of apple-tree varieties of Aydared and Prikubanskoye. The economic effect in relation to control option was expressed in the receiving of additional net income from use of fertilizers of 18,4-58,7 thousand rub/hectare, and profitability level when use of fertilizers made 92-270,5 %.