Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Under the conditions of the central subzone of the Krasnodar Region, the morphometric indexes of 10 perspective varieties of hybrid herbaceous hibiscus (Hibiscus x moscheutos L.) were studied. It is established that the introduced varieties of hibiscus vary considerably in parameters: the height of the bush, the number of generative shoots on the bush, the number of flowers on the shoot, the number of simultaneously open flowers on the shoot, the number of simultaneously open flowers on the bush, the diameter of the flower, the percentage of fruit (boxes). Low-growing varieties are indicated with a bush height of up to 100 cm: Royal Gems, Robert Fleming; medium- growing (100-160 cm): Cranberry Crush, Jazzberry Jam, Plum Crasy, Old Yella, Summer Storm; high growing (over 160 cm): Fantasia, Fireball. The maximum number of generative shoots was established in the varieties Jazzberry Jam (12) and Robert Fleming (8), the minimum in the varieties Old Yella (3), Plum Crasy (4), Royal Gems (4). It is revealed that the Cranberry Crush, Robert Fleming, Kopper King varieties do not form the fruits in the Krasnodar Region. In Jazzberry Jam, Royal Gems, Plum Crasy varieties the fruits are tied rarely, seeds are often defective. To involve in the breeding process, the varieties are selected as the mother plants: Fantasia, Fireball, Old Yella, Summer Storm in which the fruits are tied on average f rom 10-40 %. The varieties-sources of compact bushes with a dense high-decorative leaf mosaic are defined: Cranberry Crush, Jazzberry Jam, Summer Storm. The varieties selected have a high adaptive potential in combination with valuable decorative features and are promising for landscape construction in the Southern Russia.
C. acutatum Simmonds is one of the most common species of the genus Colletotrichum and it causes the diseases commonly known as anthracnose on numerous plant hosts throughout the world. A complex of species of the genus Colletotrichum from the affected tissues of papaya, acute pepper and delphinium, originally described in Australia, is known now as particularly damaging in crops such as strawberry, citrus, apple, olive, cranberry and blueberry. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cultural and morphological features of the C. acutatum fungus, isolated in a pure culture from the affected strawberry berries, selected in the collection of the Maikop Experimental Station VIR. During the research the optimal Nutrient medium for the cultivation of the C. acutatum in a pure culture was selected. The characteristics of fungi development in various nutrient media under the same cultivation conditions is given. It was noted that the composition of the nutrient medium influences the rate of germination and the size of conidia, the development of the mycelium, and the formation of the stroma. The morphological properties of the colonies of the strawberry pathogen isolated from plants have been verified. On the mediums Chapek's agar, potato agar, host plant the beginning of conidiogenesis was observed on the second day. On potato-sucrose agar, conidias began to form on the fourth day, on hungry agar only on the seventh day. The mass formation of conidias on the second day was observed on Chapek`s agar and potato agar. The spore size on potato-glucose agar is 2-3x4-8 microns, on Chapek's agar 2-4x8-10 microns, on other medias, the spore size is much smaller 1-2x3-4 microns, 1-3x3-5 microns. When comparing the morphological features of the fungi with the data of world literature, it was revealed that strains of fungi differ in size and shape of conidiophores, as well as in the size of conidia.
Grape squeezes are a valuable secondary raw material, and therefore an interest has increased in their use to maximize the extraction of biologically valuable components and to obtain the new types of products, including dietary supplements. An important source of biologically active substances are squeezes, seeds and skin of grapes, which contain the significant amounts of essential substances. The works on the integrated and rational use of raw material should be aimed at creating such a technology for processing raw material that minimizes and in some cases virtually eliminates the generation of waste. The use of secondary products of grape processing in food processing tech-nologies will reduce the cycle of technological process, which will lead to saving in the main raw material while maintaining guaranteed organoleptic and physico-chemical quality indicators, as well as reducing the costs during its processing. As an object of research, we took seven samples of secondary raw material of grapes processing (grape squeezes) grown under the soil and climatic conditions of the Taman Peninsu-la. The article describes the mechanical composition of dry raw material, as well as the quality indicators of grape squeeze including skin and stones containing vitamin P (193.3 mg / 100 g), C (8.8 mg / 100 g) and E (0.75 %); pectin substances 1.52 % (0.67 % soluble and 0.85 % protopectin). It is noted that the grape squeezes contains many biologically active substances that have therapeutic and prophylactic significance for the body. It is concluded that the grape squeezes are a source of valuable food components. The powder obtained from the grape squeezes is very likely to use as an enriching component of fruit puree products jam, jelly, functional soft drinks to give them therapeutic properties.
Anthracnose black rot caused by phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Colletotrichum is one of the most widespread diseases of strawberry, causing a significant damage to industrial plantations. The defeat of strawberry with anthracnose can lead to the loss of more than 80% of the crop. Most of the strawberry varieties intended for industrial cultivation are susceptible to anthracnose black rot in various degree. This study presents the results of PCR analysis of varieties and forms of strawberry (F. × ananassa Duch.) taking into account the Rca2 gene of resistance to anthracnose. Biological objects of research were the cultivars of garden strawberry of various ecological and geographical origin and perspective selective forms of FSBSI FSC I.V. Michurin breeding. To assess the allelic state of the Rca2 gene of strawberry stability to anthracnose SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240 was used. The PCR process was monitored by the SSR marker of EMFv020. The article shows the results of DNA analysis of varieties and selected seedlings of strawberry using the Rca2 gene of resistance to anthracnose. Based on the evaluation of the allelic state of the Rca2 gene, the Laetitia strawberry variety is resistant to anthracnose (the supposed genotype Rca2Rca2 or Rca2rca2), which allow us to recommend it for breeding as a promising source of resistance to C. Acutatum Simmonds of the 2nd pathogenic group. The other analyzed genotypes have a recessive homozygous status on the marker STS-Rca2_240 (the supposed genotype Rca2Rca2), which indicates their susceptibility to the causative agent of anthracnose black rot of the 2nd pathogenic group.
The paper presents the results of the prospects evaluation for the use of two strawberry varieties as Florence and Belrubi in selection on the fruit size. For breeding in this direction it is necessary to know the features of the inheritance by the given trait and the individual qualities of the studied varieties. The standard parameter for evaluation of the genetic potential of agricultural crop is the coefficient of heritability in broad and narrow meaning, which allows to know the donor potential of the studied forms, based on the additive effect of genetic interactions. The purpose of our research is an evaluation of the donor potential by the average fruit weight of the Florence and Belrubi varieties. In this work we used the programs and methods generally accepted in Russia, as well as the Program of the North Caucasian Center for Breeding of Fruit, Berry, Decorative Flower Crops and Grapes for the Period until 2030. Studies have shown that a distinct additive genetic effect and concomitant donor potential is revealed by the average fruit weight for the Florence variety, which showed in five hybrid selections with its participation the coefficient of heritability in the narrow meaning h2 from 0,73 to 0,84. For the Belrubi variety in the nine hybrid selections with its participation, five selections showed values of the heritability coefficient from 0,04 to 0,46, which indicates the predominance of the non-additive effect of genetic interactions in these vegetative hybrid populations and the benefit of breeding on fruit size in individual cross combinations with the participation of Belrubi. The potential realization possibility of the Belrubi variety in four from nine hybrid selections with its participation of the additive genes effect on the average fruit weight is allow to identify this variety as a genetic source.