Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The results of studying the qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids in red table wines made from Cabernet-Sauvignon grape variety using S. cerevisiae Y-4270 and Derbentskaya-19 strains are presented. It was found that the concentration of amino acids in wine samples was influenced by the individual characteristics of the yeast strains applicated in the preparation process, and certain climatic parameters in the region, which are different in 2019 and 2020 � the amount of annual precipitation and the insolation intensity. In all variants of wine, there was a significant variation in both the sum and the concentrations of individual amino acids. The highest content of free amino acids was found in the 2020 yield sample prepared using the D-19 strain. It was found that proline prevails in all variants; as a percentage of the total amount of amino acids, its content in all variants is approximately the same, however, in mg/dm3 , these indicators are several times higher in the samples of 2020. In the wine obtained using the new strain of S. cerevisiae Y-4270, the concentration of proline is 2 times less than in the second variant (S. cerevisiae D-19), which affected its organoleptic assessment. As a result of a comparative analysis, it was shown that the total content of essential amino acids in the studied wines did not exceed the level of 77.31 mg/dm3 . Formed during fermentation mainly from amino acids, substances that enhance the fullness of the aroma, influenced the quality of wine materials. Obviously, the optimal concentration of free amino acids in the samples studied by us contributed to the formation of high organoleptic characteristics of dry red wines.

Annotation

The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed in the FSBSI NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The aim of the study is to identify the most valuable genotypes of the genus Malus of various origins and ploidy for the accelerated creation of domestic adaptive varieties. Analysis of the dynamics of the average yield capacity for the apple crop as a whole made it possible to establish that in the years of the strongest effect of the complex of abiostressors on the apple plant, a significant decrease in crop yield was noted. According to the data of long-term studies (2010-2020), a significant decrease in yield in general for the apple crop in 2017 and 2020 was noted (11.69 and 12.48 t/ha), which is caused by the complex influence of early frosts (in December 2016 down to -17.0 ��) and freezings (in April 2020 up to �2.7 ��) and further negative influence as biostressors (the development of epiphytoties of scab, powdery mildew and other fungal pathogens during the growing season), and abiotic stress factors of summer the autumn period - combination of abnormally high temperature stresses, instability of the moisture regime, uneven moisture supply to the plant and often a serious and long-term deficit in precipitation. According to the obtained data, varieties with specific and complex interspecific parental forms, varieties of folk and local breeding, as well as new varieties of regional breeding obtained on their basis, showed a number of protective and adaptive reactions to the complex effects of abioand biotic stressors. The most promising varieties with increased adaptability to the complex of abiostressors of the region, resistant and immune to scab, have been identified: Vesta, Jin, Istok, Exotica, 12/1-21-46, Orfey, Lyubimoye Dutovoy; with increased productivity potential: Jin, Istok, Exotic, 12/1-21-46; large-fruited: 12/1-21-79, Jin, Istok, Exotic, 12/1-21-24

Annotation

The research was carried out in 2015-2020 at the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region). The object of the research was a native Don grape variety Kosorotovskiy. The Pukhlyakovskiy variety was the control. According to morphological characteristics and biological properties, Kosorotovskiy belongs to the varieties of the Black Sea basin. The study of grape varieties was carried out using methods generally accepted in viticulture and National Standards. The varieties were studied in a covered and grafted culture on the Kober 5BB rootstock. The planting scheme of bushes was 3.0 x 1.5 m. According to the average data of agrobiological records and observations, the Kosorotovskiy variety had 59.6 % of blossoming buds, 48.5 % of fruiting shoots, the fruitfullness coefficient was 0.7, the average mass of a bunch was 297 g, yield capacity � 5.2 kg/bush. According to the mechanical analysis of the bunch, the percentage content to the bunch weight was following: juice � 77.7 %; stems � 3.3 %; pomace � 15.0 %; seeds � 4.0 %. According to the results of uvological assessment: the size of a bunch is 16.8 cm long, 9.7 cm wide, the size of the berry is18.4 mm long, 16.3 mm wide, the average weight of a berry � 3.3 g, the sugar content of the berry juice � 20.2 g/100 cm3 with a titratable acidity of 7.5 g/dm3 . The Kosorotovskiy variety is technologically advanced, quickly clarified, does not require additional processing techniques. The wine is transparent, shiny, straw-colored with a greenish tint. The aroma is clean, well-formed, with light floral and fruity tones. The taste is full and harmonious. The average wine tasting score was 8.6 points (at the level of the control variety Pukhlyakovskiy). According to the results of the study of agrobiological, technological, ecological and economically valuable properties, the Kosorotovskiy variety is not inferior to the control variety Pukhlyakovskiy and can be recommended for inclusion in the assortment of grape plantations of the Lower Don region. It is also recommended to use this variety in breeding for the genetic improvement of white technical grape varieties as a source of valuable economic, biological and technological properties for high-quality winemaking.

Annotation

Promising grape varieties used for processing in the conditions of the Lower Don were studied, and agrobiological and economic and technical assessment was given. The following issues were studied in the work: winter bud�s injuries, the degree of resistance of grape varieties to vine diseases, indicators of fruitfulness of shoots, the strength of growth, the degree of ripening of shoots, and the quality of the crop. The study of promising grape varieties for the Rostov region, used for processing, is an important area of research, since the berries of these grape varieties have high technological qualities and are a valuable raw material for winemaking. In this regard, for the highly efficient use of the genetic properties of grape varieties, the fullest involvement in the production process of the resource, edaphoclimatic potential of cultivation areas, ensuring stable fruiting, high yield and quality of grapes for fresh consumption and industrial processing, it is important to make the right selection and optimize the placement of the variety for the Rostov region. The natural edaphoclimatic potential of the Rostov region allows growing grapes in a fairly wide range of both traditional and new grape varieties with high quality indicators. The biological features of cultivated grape varieties have a great influence on the main processes of life of grape plants. At the same time, their influence is manifested in a change in the activity of physiological processes and largely depends on both the natural and climatic conditions of the area of their cultivation, as well as on the used agricultural practices. In this regard, conducting research aimed at agrobiological assessment of grape varieties is an important area of research, since the successful solution of these issues will increase the efficiency of the industry.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of pollinating varieties on bunch density and uvological indicators of Crimean autochthonous grape variety �Kefesiya�. The work was carried out in the �Morskoye� � branch of AO �PKSC �Massandra� in 2019-2020. Planting year � 2002, planting scheme 3×2 (2), varieties were planted according to the scheme � 2 rows of �Kefesiya� alternated with 1 row of pollinating variety (�Muscat Rose�, �Cabernet-Sauvignon�, �Gevat Kara�) in squares 1, 2, 3 of 1,31 hectares in area. The total number of �Kefesiya� bushes is 770 pcs. The studies of �Kefesiya� grape uvological indicators in terms of pollinating variety show that larger bunches (512.0-606.6 g) grow on bushes pollinated with �Muscat Rose�, number of set seeds is larger (542.0-631.4 pcs.), exceeding same indicators in other pollinating variants in the process of cultivating the �Kefesiya� variety. The parthenocarpic berries were registered in bunches of all studied combinations of �Kefesiya� cultivation. At the same time, the proportion of normally set berries accounts for 89.85-93.55%, depending on the combination: leading variety � pollinating variety. However, the �Kefesiya� grape bunches in combination with �Muscat Rose� as a pollinator give the amount of normally developed berries by 3.7-2.35 % higher than that in �Kefesiya� bunches (pollinating variety �Cabernet- Sauvignon�) and �Kefesiya� bunches (pollinating variety �Gevat Kara�). Pollinating varieties �Muscat Rose�, �Cabernet-Sauvignon� and �Gevat Kara�, alternating with leading �Kefesiya� variety in the production plot, have an impact on such indicators as: bunch length and width, average bunch weight, number of berries per bunch, number of seeds per bunch, weight of 100 berries, percentage value of juice and pulp in the total bunch weight.