Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The purpose of the carried out research was a study of a current state of an akarofauna of herbivorous types in the agric cenosis of industrial vineyards of the Crimea (specific composition, structure of domination) taking into account the modern meteo conditions, and also the carrying out of the comparative analysis with the existing data for the previous decades. The research carried out in 2006-2014 during vegetation (from April to October) at industrial vineyards on Cabernet Sauvignon, Muscat white, Aligote and other grapes varieties. Data are presented in the article that for the last 14 years on the Southern coast of the Crimea the average annual air temperature, in comparison with the last decade, increased in 1,1 C. It assumes possible the structural changes in a complex of herbivorous pincers and appearance of the new dominant types. It is shown that at industrial vineyards of the Crimea a garden web tick of Schizotetranychuspruni Oud. (Tetranychidae) is widely widespread phytophage since the end of the 90th years of last century. By results of the research conducted from 2006 to 2014 in industrial vineyards of the Southern coast of the Crimea and the South-Eastern Crimea, it is noted the appearance of new species of ticks which quickly became dominating in a akarocomplex as a result of change of meteo conditions of vegetation season. In a final part of article it is noted that the main strategy in the protection of plants, and in particular a basis for formulation of schemes of protective measures in the industrial vineyards, should be a phytosanitary monitoring of concrete agric cenosis. It is especially important under the conditions of extreme changes of meteorological indicators and potential appearance of new dominant pests.
Taking into account that the fruits of the wild crops are eaten by wild animals and birds, and also used by man for food and technical needs, their studying under the conditions of technogenic landscapes is an actual task. Quality of fruits, their nutrition and medical value are caused by places of their growth. The purpose of research is a study of biological features of growth and development of wild fruits crops under the agroclimatic conditions of a technogenic landscape of Kabardino-Balkaria. It is established that for each zone the structure of wild-growing fruit plants is characterized, and with increase of altitude above sea the level of their productivity considerably decreases. The best indicators of growth at the majority of wild-growing fruit plants are noted in a foothill zone, at the altitude of 500-550 meters above sea level. As a result of inspection and definition of processes of natural overgrowing 14 types of the wild-growing fruit crops cultivated on the technogenic lands of KBR are revealed. The best indicators are noted at a sea-buckthorn, a dogrose and a sloe. These species of plants well tolerate to a lack of moisture, they are frost-resistant and not exacting to soil fertility. They have the highest total score of suitability for biological recultivation of technogenic landscapes. It is shown that in the process of root development of the quality of soil has a big importance. On the light soil the ability of plants to form the roots is better, than on the heavy soil. Wild-growing fruit plants prefer the slopes of northern and east expositions. In comparison with the western and southern expositions these distinctions reach 293,5 %. It is concluded that at the process of creation of protective plantings on the technogenic lands it is necessary to approach individually not only to species of plants, but also to each concrete plots of a technogenic landscape.
The grapes plant actively reacts to change of environment that has impact on composition of grapes mash and wine. Therefore the questions of improvement of quality and safety of the produced wines is in the center of attention of specialists of wine-making branch of Russia. The number of components, which are controlled at international food trade, has included eight chemical elements as a mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, copper, zinc, iron, strontium. Heavy metals are capable to assimilate in plant and animal tissues, the increase in their contents causes the toxic effect and poses the threat for health. Environmentally friendly technologies are directed on removal from wine materials and wines of metals excess for their stabilization to muddy. Use of food fibers (beet, rice, pectinaceous) is the one of the major tendencies. In this regard the work purpose is an assessment of expediency of use of beet fiber for removal of toxic connections. The object of research is the wine material containing the toxic compounds, and also the clarified and not clarified beet food fiber. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the beet fiber considerably reduces the concentration of lead and cadmium. In the studied samples the content of copper decreased slightly. Concentration of mercury and arsenic remained invariable. The conclusion follows that the use of the clarified and not clarified beet fiber promotes the decrease in concentration of such toxic connections, as lead, cadmium and copper. Thus, a beet food fiber can be recommended for use in wine-making to produce of safe production.
Krasnodar Region is one of the largest suppliers of fresh strawberry berries to the industrial regions of the country. Fruits of strawberry are the most valuable raw materials for the food and confectionery industry. However, almost no day-neutral strawberry varieties of intensive type for the southern zone, particularly for the Krasnodar Region, which combine the complex resistance to drought and high temperatures in a summer and high stable yield with good fruit flavor and transportability. Today, the best of the domestic varieties of day-neutral strawberry have not the promising complex of agronomic valuable traits: the level of productivity more than 15 t / ha, diameter of berries of 25-35 mm, the minimum allowable limit of productivity of 600 g / bush, bright red color of berries with capacity for storage. On the basis of the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station (Krymsk of Krasnodar Region) the evaluation of productivity of day-neutral varieties is carried out: Aromas, Elizaveta 2, Irma, Louise, Seascape, Thelma, Evie-2. It is found during study that these varieties at positive temperatures in the range +12 ÷ + 33 C, regardless of the length of the day, may yield the first berries within the first two months after their landing on a constant place. Day-neutral varieties may exceed the yield of short-day varieties due to the ability to form a large number of stems and fruiting in a long time period - from the middle of May until the first frost. It is established, that on productivity all stadied day-neutral strawberry varieties may be suitable for cultivation in the commercial plantations, as the most optimal varieties for the intensive plantations in the South of Russia can be recommended for a wide production testing the varieties of neutral day: Irma, Evie-2 Aromas.
The task of our research was to obtain the large-fruit plum-shape hybrid of tomato with the complex of commercially valuable characteristics and the study of confumity of heredity of plum-shape form of fruits, and also the revealing of the optimal kinds of parent couples. For obtaining the large-fruit tomato hybrids with plum-shape fruit 10 lines of tomatoes, were divided in two groups according to the fruit form. The first group contains 6 lines with round fruit and middle or large fruit size. The second group contains 4 lines with plum-shape, long-plum shape and cylindrical shape of the fruit. As a result of crossings the F1 tomato hybrids in 48 straight and inversed combinations were obtained. The comparison of the results of straight and inversed crossings showed no statistically significant difference in the fruit form index. The middle dependence of the fruit form index from the parent lines change was revealed (the correlation coefficient was r = 0,680,05). The most stability in form of fruits showed the round-shape combinations, the plum-shape combinations showed lower stability. The correlation between the middle fruit weight and the fruit form index were shown. In the first crop rotation its coefficient was r=-0,63 and for the second rotation the coefficient was r=-0,56. On the basis of results of experience two hybrids were transferred to a production variety testing, following results of which the hybrid k-505 has brought in the State Register under the name "T-34". The important feature of this hybrid: all tomato fruits in a brush have the almost identical size. This hybrid is highly productive, with long productivity and it is steady against biotic factors of the environment.