Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The modern protection of plants develops on the way of integration of various methods and means into uniform system for the purpose of fuller management of injuriousness of wreckers and diseases of fruit crops. In this regard the application of means of plants protection in such systems has to promote the considerable decrease in pesticidal load of the protected cultures with increase in efficiency of plantings. The article presents the results of tests conducted on the application of low-toxic drugs in the system of protection of plums and cherries from the dominant harmful objects that include the new and promising chemical and microbiological preparations, providing reduction of the negative impact of pesticides on the garden biocenosis. It is established that the application of the Cupid SP, and the Kurzat P, SP in the system of plum protection didn't oppress the processed trees, and biological efficiency of new low-toxic chemical fungicides has made 95-97%. At moderate spreading of clasterosporium (25-38%) the biological efficiency of a baksis has made 86-93%, a baktofit - 85-92%, a trihodermin - 82-87%. The efficiency of insecticides against a plum caterpillars has made 97,8-99,9%. The assessment of effect of biologically active agents and biological preparation has shown their high biological efficiency and has confirmed the existence of selective action of preparations. Also on their back-ground the natural complex of entomophages substantially remains. As a result, of research the rules have been developed on the basis of the application of low-toxic chemical and biological drugs to fight against Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev) Aderh.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. on plam, meeting the modern requirements.
Research purpose was studying of susceptibility to suntan of fruits of apple varieties various on resistance to a disease when their separate and joint storage in UA, MA and RA with 1-MMP processing and without one, the identification of objective biochemical indicators of the forecast of suntan development. Objects of research are the apple - fruits of Martovskoe, Bogatyr, Zhigulevskoe and others. The considered varieties differ on susceptibility degree to suntan. Biochemical research are carried out in the laboratory of Institute department of the postharvest technologies. Studying of influence of joint and separate storage of fruits with various susceptibility to suntan on their resistance to a disease under the conditions of OA and RA was carried out also in the basic farms of Institute. The influence of joint storage in OA, MA, RA of fruits of various apple-tree varieties on suntan development is established. Under the conditions of limited external air exchange (MA, RA) the excess accumulation of volatile compounds, including α-farnezen, stimulates the development of fruits suntan. The susceptible varieties, which initiate a suntan both at themselves, and at fruits of other varieties at joint storage, differ in higher intensity of biosynthesis of low-volatile compounds including α-farnezen. It is noted that the perspective direction of further research is studying of influence of the content of volatile compounds (including α- farnezen) not only in the fruits, but also in the atmosphere of storage, on development of physiological diseases (including suntan) of apple fruits and development of methods for removal of volatile compounds until the safe concentrations.
As the result of the intensive growth of greenhouse areas, the need in seeds of tomato hybrids corresponding to the demand of consumers is increased. Breeding scientistes of the company "Gavrish" are working for the creation and the assessment of large-fruited tomato hybrids with the complex of resistances to diseases and pests for the extended circulation. The main indexes determining the commodity quality of fruits are intensity and homogeneity of coloring, uniformity and mass of fruits as well. The objects of our research were the new tomato hybrids which were selected in the seed firm "Gavrish". As standards there were used the hybrid of russian breeding F1 Taganka and the hybrid of foreign breeding F1 Torrero. The following indexes - type of plant growth, leafing, load, type of inflorescence, mass of fruit (more 200 g), fruit color and form, yield capacity and etc, were taken into account for the research of large-fruited hybrids. The tomato firmness of fruits was measured by the classical penetrometer (Shor). The tomato firmness has a great significance at the transportation of products. The analysis of more perspective breeding material was carried out with the use of molecular-genetic methods on the presence of genes of resistance to Cf, TomVo0-2, Fol, For,Ol,Ve. Taking into account the results of phenological observations we came to a conclusion, that all tested hybrids of tomato, including the standards, on maturing terms are concern to middle-early ones (the time of ripening - from 100-115 days). The fruit-set fully depends on the successfully made process of pollination in every flower. The study of biological and morphological peculiarities of researched new large-fruited tomato hybrids allowed us to reveal the ecologically plastic, possessing the high potential productivity tomato hybrids.
Today the market of onion is presented with a large assortment of new quickly ripening varieties and hybrids F1. We carried out a test with the purpose to learn and estimate the new quickly ripening sorts of onion that most coveted by vegetable growers. The tests were carried out at the plot of variety study that is located at the breeding center "Gavrish" in the Krymsk district of Krasnodar Region in 2014-2015. The test was made in two replications. The spacing of plot registration is 10 m2. As the study subject were chosen the early ripening onion varieties (vegetation period is 100-105 days from sprouting till leaves lodgings). As a standard the early ripening hybrid F1 Centavr (breeding center "Gavrish"), Russia, was used. It is established that the most attractive appearance has the onion with brown color of dry glumes the Hybrids F1 Spanish medallion and F1 Centurion are marked by this index. For the mechanized cultivation we can use samples F1 Takmark having strong engagement and the the thick dry glumes and also samples of F1 Takstar, F1 Comandora and F1 Bonus with strong engagement and the glumes with middle thickness. Using such mark as weight we can separate out one sample of F1 Takmark that has the low the variability index, in other words the high uniformity (X=115,35,3 and CV =20,6%). As about crop yield the leaders are F1 Buffalo and F1 Camaro, their crop yield is 8,0 kg/m2 and 7,9 kg/m2. F1 Music is sweet, the general content of sugar is 6,2 %. Hybrids F1 Isi 30230 (11%), F1 Takstar (10,9%), F1 Takmark (10,5%), CRX 2313 (10%) have sharp flavor. High degree of safety have hybrids of F1 Takstar, F1 Bonus, F1 Takmark, F1 CRX 2313. Hybrid F1 Music also has high degree of safety despite of low content of sugar and thin glumes.
In this review the main physical and chemical, including sorption, properties of natural polymer of a chitozan and its application are reflected in the various areas of the industry. The chemical structure of chitin and a chitozan is given, the active centers are noted, the possible mechanisms of interaction of chitozan with chemical components of foodstuff, including the wine, are presented. The special attention is given to physical and chemical and electric properties of a chitozan. It is shown that the electric-cinetic potential of chitozan changes depending on active acidity of the environment. The data of a chitozan application are given in the various industry branches, including medicine, biotechnology, and the chemical and food industry. The use of chitozan in the food industry, as a thickener, a sorbent, a structure creater, a taste improver for production of products of dietary food, is offered. Much attention in the review is given to research of the possibility of chitozan application for processing of drinks, including the wine. It is offered to use a chitozan as means for regulation of wine acidity and stabilization of wine materials against protein and polyphenol and lipid dimness, as well as for prevention of metal kass, and sorption of micro organisms. It is shown that application of a chitozan in the beer industry as a food addition promotes the improvement of taste and foam-forming ability of beer. In the combination with bentonite, gelatin, silica gel, fish glue and other glue substances a chitozan is used for processing of kvass, beer, juice and the other non alcoholic drinks. Mech-anisms of interaction of a hitozan with proteins, polysaccharides and polyphenols of beer, wine, and kvass are given. Data on the sorption capacity of chitozan preparations are submitted. The clarification of communication of chemical structure and biological activity of a chitozan will allow us to create the substances keeping his properties and possessing of the new useful qualities.