Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The experience of using remote sensing data and geoinformation systems (next GIS) in viticulture in other countries has shown that the introduction of digital technologies for collecting, processing and using data on the conditions of soils, plants and the environment at different levels of generalization (bush, row, cell, field, farm) ensures the stability of crop production and the quality of berries for wine production. The management concept of digitalized vineyard is based on the use of analytical tools and specialized databases. The article discusses the possibilities of GIS Policy 5 for vineyards. The introduction of GIS for the digitalization of grape plantations will allow solving many tasks: determining the boundaries of grape plots; creating digital passports (legends) of vineyards based on technological maps linked to an electronic map; obtaining a multi-layered territorial parametric model of the area in which the vineyard grows; to simulate climatic 8-11 summer cycles, the probability of frosts, prolonged spring, droughts, hail and other extreme weather events in a given area and to what extent it can affect vineyards at different stages of vegetation; to model the role of landscape characteristics in the formation of relief, climate, soils, weather (temperature changes, soil freezing); to model the hydrological regime of the territory; to model soil characteristics, for example, the presence of active calcium, the level of basic nutrients after fertilization for 3-5 years; to develop optimal planting schemes depending on landscape, soil and climatic conditions by digital layers. The solution of these and a number of other tasks based on digitalization will ensure the sustainable development of the viticulture industry, stable harvest and the quality of viticulture products in modern conditions.
Plum fruits are valued for their high content of nutrients, harmonious taste and processing properties. The purpose of the research is to carry out a comparative assessment of the biochemical composition of domestic plum fruits to identify the assortment with high taste qualities when cultivated in the Voronezh region. Samples for studying the qualitative characteristics of six varieties of domestic plum were obtained in a pomological garden located on the territory of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I in 2018-2020. The Voronezhskaya Kompotnaya and Pamyat Timiryazeva varieties have been identified as varieties with the maximum mass of fruits, pulp and a small stone. The highest sugar content and the optimal sugar-to-acid ratio were noted in the varieties Utro (control), Voronezhskaya kompotnaya, Pamyat Timiryazeva, Universalnaya, Bolkhovchanka. The maximum dry matter content was determined in the Universalnaya and Vengerka Voronezhskaya varieties, in terms of the content of ascorbic acid, the indicators in the Bolkhovchanka (5.8 mg/100g) and Voronezhskaya kompotnaya (3.1 mg/100g) varieties were higher. The highest calcium content was noted in the fruits of the Vengerka Voronezhskaya (0.07 %) and Universalnaya (0.09 %) varieties, and the lowest in the control variety Utro (0.01 %) and Pamyat Timiryazeva (0.02 %), Voronezhskaya kompotnaya (0.03 %) varieties. The potassium content of the studied varieties was in the range of 0.1 ... 0.2 %. The phosphorus content, depending on the variety, varied slightly and ranged from 0.01-0.03 %, nitrogen from 0.09 % to 0.1 %.
The article presents the results of assessing the biological potential of sweet cherry varieties in the garden grafted on seed and clone rootstocks. Biometric records were carried out: indicators of the diameter of the stem, crown and height of trees, fruit ripening dates, their weight and market condition. The biochemical composition of sweet cherry fruits has been studied. The objects of research were sweet cherry varieties of different maturation periods of the Voronezh State Agrarian University and scientific institutions of the Russian Federation breeding; seed and clone rootstocks. For an objective assessment of variety-rootstock combinations of sweet cherry, studies were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods when working with fruit crops and methodological guidelines for the determination of chemicals for assessing the quality of the yield of vegetable and fruit crops. The purpose of the study was the selection of winter-hardy, high-yielding varieties of sweet cherry grafted on low-growing clonal rootstocks to create small-sized intensive plantings and introduce them into industrial gardening in the Central Chernozem region. From the analysis of the obtained results of the study, the selective features of variety-rootstock combinations of sweet cherry are noted, manifested in the features of the growth force and fruiting. High-yielding varieties were established, the qualitative indicators of fruits and their biochemical composition were determined, with the allocation of highly fortified varieties for breeding work. Variety-rootstock combinations for planting gardens of intensive type have been identified. The best variety-rootstock combinations of sweet cherry have been propagated and introduced into the industrial gardening of a specialized enterprise ZAO Ostrogorzhsksadpitomnik of the Ostrogorzhsky district of the Voronezh region
The norm of the reaction of phenotypic signs the number of bunches, the average mass of the bunch and the yield of Riesling Rhenish grape variety to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The research was carried out in agroecological conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the second subzone (Ch2) in the Krasnodar region. Soils are ordinary chernozems. The research covers the period from 2014 to 2020. Paired correlation analysis showed that the modification variability of the number of bunches was most strongly influenced by the average annual air temperature (r = -0.67) and by the average air temperature for the growing season (r = -0.65), by annual precipitation (r = 0.72) and by total precipitation for the growing season (r = 0.66). The average mass of a grape bunch depended most on the total precipitation during the growing season (r = 0.75). The grape yield correlates with the average annual and minimum air temperature in the medium (r = -0.55) and weak (r = -0.43) degrees. The lower Threshold of the modification variability of the number of grape bunches was equal to 42 pcs./bush, the average mass of the bunch was 78 g., the upper, respectively, was 61 pcs./bush and 131 g., the reaction norm was 19 pcs./bush and 53 g. The wide reaction Norm indicates the predominant influence of the environment compared to the genotype on the variability of phenotypic traits the number of bunches and the average mass of the bunch. The lower threshold of the modification variability of the grape yield against the background of varying weather conditions was 4.3, the upper 5.6 kg/bush. The reaction norm is 1.34 kg/bush. The narrow modification variability of the grape yield indicates its dependence on the genotype of the Riesling Rhenish grape variety.
The article presents the results of the study of the embryonic fruitfulness of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties. The work was carried out in the Central agroecological zone of the Krasnodar region in 2020 and 2021. The average air temperature from May to September in 2020 was +22.0 ºC, in 2021 +21.7 ºC. During the embryonic inflorescence formation, the average temperature in 2020 was +22.1 ºC, in 2021 +20.2 ºC. The maximum air temperature during this period in 2020 was +35 ºC, in 2021 +32 ºC. In 2020, 56.9 and 55.1 % of the buds of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties contained embryonic inflorescences, 10.3 % and 14.8 % of the buds had two or more inflorescences, 5.6 % and 2 % were dead, respectively. The coefficient of embryonic fruitfulness k1 in both varieties was the same, 0.63, the coefficient of fruitfulness k2 was 1.15 in the Viktor variety, 1.1 in the Gurman Kraynova variety. In 2021, with a decrease in the average and maximum air temperature by 1.9 and 3 ºC relative to 2021, the proportion of fruitful buds in the Gurman Kraynova variety decreased to 51.6 %, with two or more inflorescences increased to 24.2 %. In the Viktor variety, the values of both indicators increased to 71.4 % and 33.3 %, respectively. The fruitfulness coefficient k1 in the Gurman Kraynova variety has hardly changed, in the Viktor variety it has grown to 0.95. The fruitfulness coefficients k2 were 1.24 and 1.33, respectively. The Gurman Kraynova variety has the most productive zone on the shoot from 5 to 10 buds, the Viktor variety from 4 to 8. For the Gurman Kraynova variety, pruning of shoots for 10-11 buds is recommended for the harvest of 2022, for the Viktor variety for 8-9 buds.