Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The effect of biologically active substances gibberellin (GA3), forchlorfenuron (CPPU) and streptomycin (Str) on mechanical composition, transportability and organoleptic characteristics of seedless grapes Yuzhnoberezhnyi, Venera, Kishmish -311 and Kishmish -342 was studied at the conditions of the South Coast of the Crimea. The Yuzhnoberezhnyi cultivar of the Institute for Vine and Wine "Magarach" breeding was used as a model. It is established in the research process, that the GA3 increased in stem weight when it applied alone, the effect was reduced in combination with Str. It is demonstrated a considerable increase in bunch structure index and a decreased in berry index resulted from one treatment with CPPU alone. The highest tasting scores (8.0 and 8.1 points) were from experiments consisting of one and two treatments with GA3 alone. From the data obtained, it follows that the best treatment option for three introduced seedless grape varieties Venra, Kishmish E-311 and Kishmish E-342 is a combination of preparations. This complex application of biologicaly activy substances led to the formation of larger berries in all studied varieties. According to the combination of positive signs of variability in the mechanical composition, transportability and organoleptic characteristics, two variants of the experiment are distinguished: the treatment of grape plants with a solution of CPPU at a concentration of 20 mg / l after flowering, and also two-fold treatment of GA3 with 50 mg / l during mass flowering and after flowering, combined with a single treatment during a mass flowering CPPU 20 mg / l + Str 200 mg / l.
The chemical composition of the wines is very diverse. It depends on the environmental conditions of grapes cultivation, variety and technological maturity of berries, and technology of primary and secondary wine-making. The most numerous group of grapes and wine compounds are aromatic substances, numbering more than 400 components. Depending on the quantitative predominance of different substances, the wine gets the predominant flavor. Substances in subthreshold concentrations are insensible, but in the combination with others they have a subtle bouquet. These substances can have an indirect effect the wine aroma according to a known synergistic effect. In order to study the aromatic complex and isolate the specific components of the wine aroma from Chardonnay clones grown in the Kuban region, we analyzed the long-term data of the volatile components of the wines from these clones in comparison with the prototype. The main groups of aromatic substances inherent in wines from studied clones are distinguished. The differences in aromatic wine composition from introduced Chardonnay clones and their prototype are founded. It has been established that the higher (aliphatic) alcohols predominate quantitatively in the aroma of the studied white dry wines from the Chardonnay grapes clones and constitute 53-60% of the total content of aromatic substances. Then the esters follows, which constitute up to 20 % of the amount of odorous substances. The sample from clone Chardonnay 95 was distinguished by the maximum accumulation of esters and higher alcohols. It had a fullness in taste, development of aroma and the highest tasting evaluation. At the same time, it recorded a low content of aliphatic acids 8 % below control.
One of the most common ways to counterfeit the red wines is to adjust the coloring of cheaper white wine materials with both synthetic food colors (indigocarmine, carmoazine, etc.) and natural colors (extracts of blueberries, currants, etc.). The color characteristics of juice and wine products vary considerably depending on the type of feedstock, the technology of production, and the composition of the blend. In this regard, some unscrupulous manufacturers often use cheaper fruit and berry raw materials for coloring of grape wines. The purpose of the present research was the comparative characteristics of the phenolic complex and the optical characteristics of genuine red wines and falsifiers obtained using natural and synthetic dyes. The objects of research were table wine materials from Cabernet-Sauvignon and Rkatsiteli grapes, juices and fruit extracts, a mixture of synthetic dyes. The impact of natural and synthetic colourants on the optical characteristics of wine-making materials has been studied. Variation ranges were obtained for physical-chemical and optical parameters of model test solutions in terms of their colour intensity variation. The relation between colour intensity and phenolic compounds content along with monomeric anthocyanins was established (r=0.96 and 0.94, respectively). It was demonstrated that monomeric anthocyanins were absent in the model systems that contained synthetic adulterated winemaking materials. It is the significant difference in the qualitative composition of native and adaltirative wine materials: the total phenolic compounds and colour intensity index colourants were much lower in the coloured samples as compared to the established and recommended values for authentic wines, that allow to use these indicators in a set of criteria for identifying adulteration of wine products.
Adaptation of plants to non-sterile conditions is the last stage of reproduction in vitro and should be gradual in order to avoid the ruin of plants due to a sudden change in relative humidity, light and temperature. Rooting ex vitro allows to simplify this stage and simultaneously to obtain the plants adapted to natural conditions. The purpose of these study is to determine the optimal conditions for rhizogenesis and adaptation of blueberry micro shoots. Research was carried out in the Department of Biotechnology of the Republican Unitary Enterprise "Fruit Growing Institute" (Belarus). The material for the study was the regenerating plants of Northblue blueberry (V. angustifolium Ait. × V. corymbosum L.). As a result of carried out study, it was found that in vitro conditions the proportion of rooted regenerating plants of Northblue blueberry after four weeks of cultivation was 0-36.7 %, after eight week the number of rooted regenerants increased to 63.3%. At the same time, a high frequency (100%) of callus formation was a negative phenomenon of blue berry rooting in vitro on media with IBA and IAA. On medium without auxin after 4 weeks, callus was absent, after 8 weeks the frequency of callus formation was 36.7 %. After eight weeks of cultivation, the highest increasing of shoot's growth regenerating Northblue plants was on a nutrient medium with 0.3 mg / l IBA. The best length of the roots was obtained on nutrient medium with 1 mg / l IAA. Study have shown that the type of substrate affects growth (p
The purpose of these study is to create the new apple varieties and elite forms of apples of different ploidy with a set of valuable agrobiological features for the formation of ecologically adaptive fruit growing systems. Breeding renovation of the domestic apple assortment will allow to successfully solve the problems of effective import substitution in the gardening industry of the North Caucasus Region of Russia. The objects of research are the apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. The study were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and varieties of fruit crops. The article gives a comprehensive assessment of the main agrobiological characteristics of new apple varieties immune to scab and the economic efficiency of their cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory. The early ripening of apple cultivars, the regularity of fruiting, the yield capacity, the resistance of plants to scab, the quality and the standard of fruits have been studied. In the process of studying the genetic potential of apple plants, 2 elite immune forms, created in NCFSCHVW jointly with ARRIFCB, are selected, which surpass the standard varieties according to a set of economic valuable and adaptive significant characteristics. A shot description of the new immune to scab apple elite forms of Exotics and the Rozovy Zakat, the varieties of Amulet and Gin is given. The Amulet and Gin varieties have the high yield capacity (35.0-38.0 t/ha). The indicators of economic efficiency of new varieties cultivation (profit from sale and profitability) are calculated. For industrial cultivation, the most promising varieties of apple trees are selected, such as Amulet, Gin. High indexes of economic efficiency of cultivation of these varieties are due to the most optimal combination of their immunity to scab with a complex and of important economic signs: fast fruiting, the high yield capacity and regularity of fruiting, the high quality and standard of fruits.