Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Traditional ampelographic descriptions are supplemented by molecular genetic data in the study of the grape gene pool at the present time. The territory of Abkhazia is one of the centers of the cultivated grapes arising; many wild-growing forms and ancient native grape varieties are found here. Local native cultivars of different regions are the important part of world grape gene pool of Vitis vinifera. We performed the genotyping of Kachich grape plants, which can be qualify as the most famous local variety of Abkhazia. SSR markers recommended by the Union of Grape Genetics for genotyping of Vitis vinifera were used in the work: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. Molecular genetic analysis was carried out performed by PCR using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer. The objects of study are grape plants cultivated at three points in Abkhazia under the name Kachich and have morphological characteristics similar to the variety described in the USSR Ampelography. DNA analysis revealed that one of the analyzed samples is significantly different from the other two samples in microsatellite profiles. Thus, it can be argued that, in general, at least two different genotypes with similar morphological characteristics are grown under one name in Abkhazia, and, two other samples of the variety showed identical DNA profiles of plants. According to ampelographic features, these samples are closed to the description of the Kachich morphotype presented in ampelography. One of these samples grows in the collection of Wines and Waters of Abkhazia company and were planting with planted material from the ampelographic collection of the Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking Magarach. It can be concluded that we obtained the DNA profile of the Kachich genotype corresponding to the morphological description of the variety.
The main grape varieties used as table varieties and for winemaking belong to the species Vitis vinifera L., which has a high quality of berries, but rather low resistance to diseases and frost. One of the donors of valuable features f or the breeding of grape varieties is the species of Vitis amurensis Rupr. For example, some V. amurensis genotypes carry the downy mildew resistance genes of Rpv10 and Rpv12. The aim of the work is to study the genetic potential of resistance to downy mildew by DNA-marker analysis of some hybrid forms obtained using Amur grapevines. The research was carried out on the DNA of twenty-one grape genotypes, created by F.I. Shatilov using V. amurensis, and preserved in the collection of A.Y. Nemytov (Orenburg Region). DNA extraction was carried out by CTAB method from herbalized young shoots of grape plants. In the work for identification gene Rpv10 the closely linked DNA marker GF09-46 was used to identify the Rpv12 gene markers UDV360, UDV343, flanking the locus of resistance. Separation of reaction products and analysis of PCR fragment size were carried out using an automatic genetic analyzer. As control genotypes in the study the grape varieties those carriers the genes of Kunlean (Rpv12) and Saperavi Severnyi (Rpv10) were included. In two forms under the conventional names Muscat Severniy No. 1 and Hybrid form No. 3 the presence of genes Rpv12 and Rpv10 were revealed, respectively. These genotypes have a number of positive characteristics that are promising in the breeding of table grape varieties and can be considered as the sources o f valuable traits.
Crimea is a resort area, which generates a great demand for early table grapes. The study of agrobiological and economic characteristics of early table grapevine cultivars and assessment of their potential is a question of present interest for the viticulture of Crimea. The aim of the present study is to assess adaptability and potential of introduced table grapevine cultivars based on a set of agrobiological indicators and economically valuable traits with the purpose to recommend them for inclusion into the assortment of grapes cultivated in Crimea. Comprehensive assessment of the agrobiological and economically valuable traits of the studied grapevine cultivars makes it possible to determine their potential for cultivation in the Eastern part of the South Coast zone of Crimea. New table grapevine cultivars belong to early ripening grapes and demonstrate high harvest quality and balanced taste. The studied grapes accumulate sugar within 157,0-175,0 g/dm³, and titratable acids within 5,3-6,5 g/dm³. In terms of potential, Matilda and Victoria Rumynskaya cultivars are not inferior to standard control cultivar Italia. Victoria Rumynskaya cultivar is superior to the standard in terms of fertility (K1 = 1,14), and demonstrates high transportability coefficient T1 (70 %). Matilda grapes demonstrated high bush fertility and balanced taste (gluco-acidometric index = 24,2), and was superior to control cultivar in the standard product output (80,1 %). It is noted in the article, that the use and introduction of the above cultivars into the grapevine assortment of Crimea can expand the consumption of fresh grapes of early ripening cultivars and improve the image of Crimea as a resort area.
For theoretical and especially practical viticulture, the information related to the ampelographic characteristics of cultivated grape varieties in the specific areas are of interest always, and especially when the results of applying the modern mathematical methods are included. An ampelographic study of table vine cultivars grown in South Bulgaria has been conducted through the application of modern mathematical methods of analysis. It has been found that Victoria grapes is characterized by the highest fertility coefficient. The percentage of fruiting shoots is the highest in Matilda, and the percentage of angular buds developed in Rousse Large and Pance Prekos. The greatest weight of 100 berries has been reported in Palieri, Danube and Rousse Large grape varieties. The share of the skins in the berries is the most considerable in Bolgar, and the share of seeds in the Muscat Hamburg. The sugar content of grape berries is the highest in Muscat Hamburg, while the titratable acids are the highest in Italy and Pance Prekos. Danube and Italy grapes are the most suitable for transportation. The study carried out has been shown that the yield per vine and per decare is the greatest in Danube and Victoria. A dominant influence the distribution of the studied cultivars into clusters, according to their genetic remoteness, is exerted by the indicators with maximum factor weight fertility coefficient, percentage of fruiting shoots, weight of 100 berries, force of berry tearing and grape yield. The results can be used in agricultural technology and breeding with dessert grape varieties.
The natural conditions of KabardinoBalkaria are distinguished by a large mosaic of relief, soil, water and thermal regime. This circumstance must be taken into account when choosing macro- and microzones for the successful cultivation of specific fruit crops, depending on environmental factors. Among large number factors affecting the success of fruit crops cultivation, the climatic and meteorological conditions of the winter-spring period are of primary importance. There are many climatic parameters that determine the growth of fruit plants, but only the main ones that are considered the most significant should be used to create the estimation models. It is known that many climatic parameters are interconnected with each other, which allows, by choosing the main ones, to indirectly take into account many others. In the primary sources, the greatest attention is paid to the parameters characterizing the temperature conditions of fruit plants growth, as well as the conditions of atmospheric humidification. Variety experts and breeders are trying to replenish and change the species-varietal composition of fruit crops for each fruit zone of the KBR (foothill, steppe, forest, mountain-steppe). Based on graphical and mathematical modeling, as well as a synthesis of literature data, the critical values of negative temperatures are allocated when placing the fruit crops in the main areas of horticulture according to the phases of plants ontogenesis. Long-term research on varietys study and breading of stone fruit crops (peach, apricot) and microclimatic observations in comparison with long-term data and the use of modern methodological technologies allow us to substantiate a model for optimizing the placement of fruit crops under the difficult soil and climatic conditions of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.