Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The loading of grape bushes with a harvest must be carried out so that the most productive zone of grapes shoot could provide the largest level of realization of economic efficiency potential of varieties and high quality of grapes and wine production. The purpose of this work is to study the growth processes of grapes plants, and to determine the conformity of natural lows of placement of the most productive zone along shoot length and to optimize the regulation regime of growth functions and qualitative indicators of a harvest. The experimental research have been carried out under the very drought conditions of 2015 vegetation in the Black Sea agric and ecological viticulture area in the field stationary experiment. An object of our research is a Riesling Rhine technical grapes with the different scheme of bushes planting. In the course of work carrying out the unequal laying of grapes clusters along a shoot length of plant was found. The results of carried out research have shown that in years with the big deficit of an atmospheric precipitation and the bigger solar activity during vegetation the most productive area of shoot length of a grapes plant there was the fourth knot. In this zone of shoot the mass of grapes clusters was the greatest, but the smallest mass of clusters was on the second, first and fifth knots of shoot. On the other knots of shoots the grapes clusters were not observed. On the basis of the results of the field experiment we made the conclusion that for loading regulation of grapes bushes with a harvest it is recommended to leave on plants the most developed and large grapes clusters on the fourth shoot's knot and if it is necessary to remove the small and underdeveloped grapes clusters on the first and second knots of shoots.
The purpose of research is to study the feature of growth, development and fructification of the Crystal grapes in the intensive orchards in case of various schemes of plants landing and ways of maintaining and forming of grapes bushes. The relevance of our work is to study the manifestation of the main agric and biological signs of grapes when the studied agric methods are using. The research were conducted on the grafted vineyards of the Cristal grapes on Cober 5 BB placed in the Novocherkassk District of the Rostov Region. Agric-biological accounting and observations are carried out using the well known technique of agric-technical research. It is shown that the long vines pruning with big formation of bushes has led to restriction of vines selection for the harvest of the current year. On bushes with smaller gabitusa, when dense scheme of landing the choice range of vines for the harvest widens and it significantly reflects in the indicators of shoots productivity. It is found that the highest indicators of load in the grapes orchards of the Crystal variety with bushes form as a small pan in case of 3,00,5 scheme of landing. In case of increase in a distance between bushes to 1,5 m, the load standard decreases in 1,5-2 times. The bushes in case of rare landing were more productive, but productivity of orchards in general, on the contrary, was higher in case of the dense scheme of plants landing. The good ability of sugar capacity of the Crystal grapes is noted even in case of the maximal productivity (18,0 t/hectare), the essential decrease in the berries juice of sugar content did not occur. The highest output per man and productivity of vineyards are noted on the middle trunk small pan type formations with plant landing dense (3,0x0,5 m).
Now adays the increase in fruits production depends on application of advance technological methods, effective system of fruit-trees fertilizer and material and technical resources. The solution of the problem of increase in efficiency of fertilizer of pome crops providing the development of rational elements of fertilizer systems on the example of an apple-tree and assessment of expediency of their application in the intensive fruit plantings in the South of Ukraine was the purpose of this work. The research are carried out at the Melitopol Experimental Station of gardening named after M. F. Sidorenko on the basis of long field experiments (2003-2014). The influence of various doses, terms, ways, forms and ratios of micro and macro fertilizers on the nutritious mode of the soil, and also on physiological and biochemical and productional processes of apple-tree plants was studied. The yield count in experiences was carried out by a weight method according to instructions of Institute of gardening of Ukraine. The economic efficiency of fertilizers use was calculated according to technological charts and the certain recommendations, taking into consideration the actual expenses of production. The results of the long-term research carried out by us have shown the defining role of mineral fertilizers in increase in productivity of intensive pome orchards in the South of Ukraine. It is established that the use of fertilizers which doses are calculated on the basis of data of leaf diagnostics, and also a combination of soil nutrition with foliar top dressing are effective. Observance of these conditions provides a harvest increase at the level of 3-6 t/hectare and decrease in expenses of fertilizers by 25-60 % that compensates an excess of material and labor input on carrying out of these agric technique under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine.
Under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine the annual plant saplings do not always provide the necessary quality indicators. One of the main reason of crown lack of plants is a weak biological ability to branch forming on the most varieties. The research (2013-2015) were carried out in the second nursery field "EF "Melitopol" according to the standard techniques using in the gardening. It is tested in the experience the efficiency of influence on branch forming of plum saplings of various concentration of Arbolin (1,5-3,5% or 15-35 ml for 1 litre of water) taking into account the nipping height of apical leaves of the central shoot (50-60; 70-80 cm). The research objects are the plum saplings of Sentyabr'skaya and the Oda with low ability to forming of branches. Assessment of efficiency of crown forming of plants, depending on the chosen regulations, was determined using the standard techniques of research in the horticulture. The greatest efficiency of crown forming of plum saplings when using 3,0 %-3,5 % concentration of preparation is established. Optimal height of top leaves nipping is 50-60 cm for the strongly growing varieties with more acute angles of deviation and 70-80 cm for the weakly growing varieties with wide angles of deviation. The plum saplings processed by arbolin of different concentration were below control group on average for 11,5-17,9%, irrespective of height of their nipping. No trunk width change was observed in the test varieties. The growth intensity of saplings in the experience substantially depended on potential capacity of varieties. The determination was made about positive influence of the selected stimulation regiments of plants branching on biological productivity and force of growth and output of standard annual plum saplings.
The article presents the results of the research of the physiological effect of stimulant influence on the morphometric parameters of the introduced promising ornamental types under the Southern Ural condi-tions. The research have shown the expediency of using of Zircon and Ribav-Extra preparations as rooting stimulants of green cuttings of studied ornamental species. After treatment of green cuttings before planting the output of standard sapling of Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' was within 73,9-78,9 %, the output of Cotoneaster lucidus sapling was 65,8-76,0%. The highest percentage of cuttings with an extensive root system was observed with Zircon using. Output of standard Rosa rugosa sapling is 96,5%, the output of Potentilla alba 88,4% and Aronia melanocarpa sapling output is 72,5%. The research of seasonal development of uterine plants allow you to determine the periods of the most intense metabolic activity and the enzymes activation, as well as the optimal term of green cutting under the conditions of Southern Ural (on the of the Orenburg Region). Based on degree of rooting capability 2 groups of species were identified: easy rooting group (Rosa rugosa, Potentilla alba, Ber-beris thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' root formation occurs at the same time, accompanied by the active energy of the buds awakening and shoots growing) and a group having an average degree of rooting (Aronia melanocarpa , Cotoneaster lucidus root formation has a longer period, shoot growth is less active than that in the first group). Based on the study of stimulants effect on morphological indicators of introduced promising species of ornamental plants it was proved that the stimulants of Zircon and Ribav-Extra have had a positive effect on the rooting, growth, development and quality of sapling of ornamental species.