Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The problems of grape resistance to low-temperature stresses in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region remain relevant, and achieving higher frost resistance of the variety is an important task of the breeding program. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced lowtemperature stress by the activity of peroxidase, the content of malondialdehyde, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid; to identify frost-resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amur-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. It was found that the studied grape varieties respond to stress by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and the accumulation of low-molecular antioxidants (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid). Differences in the functioning of the antioxidant defense system of different grape varieties have been established. It was revealed that in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg, the role of peroxidase in the suppression of oxidative stress is quite large, an increase in its activity was noted by 1.05 and 1.42 times, respectively. It is shown that anthocyanins made the greatest contribution to antioxidant protection in the Kristall and Dostoynyi varieties, after stress, t heir content decreased by 4.4 and 4.0 times, unlike the other studied varieties, in which a decrease was observed by 1.3-3.0 times. It was revealed that ascorbic acid is a mandatory participant in the antioxidant defense system in all varieties, after stress, an increase in its content was noted by 1.06-1.52 times. On the basis of generalized physiological and biochemical studies, it was revealed that the varieties Kristall and Krasnostop AZOS have increased frost resistance, followed by Dostoynyi, Vostorg; the varieties Aligote, Zarif are characterized by reduced frost resistance.
The research is devoted to the study of the influence of spring period low positive temperatures on the peculiarities of the apple trees winter varieties development in plantings of different type to substantiate the possibility of assessing the degree of their resistance to an unfavorable factor and agrotechnical approaches to its improvement. The laboratory and field experiments (2021-2022) were carried out in traditional and organic apple tree plantations of the third and fourth age periods that were laid down in the experimental training farm Kuban of the Kuban State Agrarian University (leached chernozem soils). According to the observations results, in the spring months of recent years in the southern region of Russia, a manifestation of hypothermia was noted, coinciding with the passage of the VI (micro- and macrosporogenesis) VIII; IX (completion of gametogenesis, flowering and fertilization) stages of organogenesis in apple plants. The resistance of apple trees (Liberty, Florina varieties) to the action of low positive temperatures is determined by the ability of the plant organism to restrain the development of generative buds when unfavorable conditions occur. Plant stability manifestation is promoted by the use of the organic garden management system that ensures maximum implementation of self-regulation mechanisms of its components. At the same time, within the framework of traditional plantings, apple trees of various varieties (for example, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Renet Simirenko) are less able to withstand adverse effects. It is determined that the application of spring foliar top dressing with organic fertilizer Chelate Antistress against the background of the manifestation of the temperature stress factor optimizes the photosynthetic activity of plants and the distribution of plastic substances between vegetative growth and the process of productivity formation, leading to a sharp weakening of the first third waves of the forming ovaries and fruits falling, and as a result, a significant (20-28 %) increase in the economic yield and a decrease in the periodicity of fruiting.
The article presents the results of studies of bioecological features of the development of pathogens apple powdery mildew Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm., cherries and sweet cherries coccomycosis Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx; pests cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L., pear psylla Psylla pyri L. in changing weather conditions for the development of protection technologies. The research was carried out in different zones of the Krasnodar region in field and laboratory conditions using methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques for the protection of perennial plantings. The most spread of powdery mildew was on highly susceptibility varieties specifically Idared 7.5 %, Jonagold 2.5 %, Florina 3.7 %; on mediumsentient varieties Geneva Early 6.0 %, Golden Delicious 2.2 %, Reinet Simirenko 4.6 %; on low-sentient varieties Gala 4.2 %, Crimson Crisp 0.7%, Slava peremozhtsam 2.0 %, Prikubanskoe 2.6 %. The period of the beginning of the spread of the primary infection of coccomycosis in optimal weather conditions is before the flowering of cherries and sweet cherries, the period of mass dispersal of ascospores was during flowering. Appearance of the first signs of the disease was in the phase of the beginning of fruit ripening. By the 3rd decade of August, the spread of coccomycosis on highly susceptible cherry varieties was up to 70.0 % with an intensity of 37.0 %. It was revealed that due to warming and the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties, the distribution area of the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. has expanded. In the growing season of 2022 the first individuals of the phytophagus in the cages were marked on May 19 years and mating at the end of the 3rd decade of May, oviposition was observed from the first decade of June. The maximum number of phytophages is 13 individuals/trap in 3 days, marked on June 6, the first damaged fruits were recorded on June 8. It has been established that two types of psyllas are found in the agrocenoses of pears in the south of Russia: Psylla pyri L. (common pear psylla) and Psylla pyrisuga Frst. (large pear psylla). The most harmful was P. pyri L., the number of phytophages in the last decade exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (10 eggs per 10 cm of branch) by 8-12 times. The first ovipositionof the pear psylla was marked on March 30 in the phenophase of the pear resting bud at the sum of the effective temperatures of 40.1 ºC which is 21 days later compared to 2021. Full cycle of development from imago to imago lasts with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 300 ºC, develops in 6 generations.
The article presents the results of a study of endophytic communities in the conductive organs of grapes, which is cultivated in the ampelocenoses of the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. In the course of the work, the microbiota of annual and perennial conducting organs of Moldova and Merlot grape varieties was isolated, the diversity of bacterial endophytic communities was studied, their taxonomic structure was analyzed, and the dynamics of their phenotypic diversity depending on grape phenophase was demonstrated. Based on the results of the work, a preliminary conclusion was made about the differences in the taxonomic structure of bacterial endophytic communities from two varieties different in genotype and from two substrates of grape conducting organs differing in properties. The total number of isolated endophytic bacteria was 93 strains. The bacterial communities of the Merlot variety showed greater taxonomic diversity than the bacterial communities of the Moldova variety. Most of the isolated strains belonged to Firmicutes (38 strains) and Actinobacteria (36 strains). Proteobacteria (12 strains) were represented in a smaller number. We identified 42 bacterial strains, including Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus sp., Kocuria sp., Paenibacillus sp., Dietzia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Rothia sp., Staphylococcus sp. Among the identified groups, strains of the genus Bacillus were the most diverse. Some genera of bacteria have been observed only in specific substrates. Thus, strains of the genus Acinetobacter were isolated only from annual vines of both varieties, Dietzia and Paenibacillus only from annual vines of Moldova, Pseudomonas and Rothia from perennial Merlot wood, Kocuria from both communities of Merlot varieties, but one-year data need to be confirmed in further studies.
The article substantiates the need to develop a technology to increase the resistance of fruit crops to harmful objects in the conditions of climate change. An assessment of the impact of climate change on the stability of fruit agrocenoses is given: changes in temperature regime and water availability, as well as increased chemical and technological pressure on agrocenoses have become the main factors in the increase in the harmfulness of phytophages; the main manifestations are expressed in the adaptation of phytophages to changes in abiotic factors, changes in the life cycle of dominant pests and a decrease in their sensitivity to insecticides, the appearance of more resistant strains of phytopathogens, changes in the species composition of harmful insects and ticks. Experimental data on the formation of the functional structure and types of response of phytophages to anthropogenic impacts in intensive apple plantations in changing weather conditions of the environment are analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of permitted insecticides for the control of apple moth in the growing season of 2022 was carried out. A system of ecological and economic indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of regulations for the effective use of biological and biorational agents of controlling harmful species in apple plantations is proposed, including the following indicators: background content of pesticides in trophic bonds, the number and species diversity of entomophages, the time of the last treatment (days before harvest), LD50 content, the level of realization of the productive potential of plantations, preservation of the biologically set yield of the current growing season, costs for the purchase of plant protection products, structural indicators-resource security and balance of production processes and the restoration of resource potential, the level of profitability sufficient for the implementation of current production activities.