Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The method of a field experiment accompanied with laboratory analyses and mathematical data processing is the basis for work. At a laying of a field experiment and carrying out calculations and observations and other types of field works used the standard techniques are used. The analysis of the obtained experimental data is carried out by methods of mathematical statistics. The biological assessment of growth regulators of new generation in the plantings of fruit and berry crops and grapes was the purpose of our research. The research was conducted in the plantings of an apple-tree, wild strawberry and grapes. The regulators of growth of new generation - Atonik Plus, Zerebra Agro, VL 77, Agro-Stimul and Avibif on phases of plants development of plants during the vegetative period were used. The results of the conducted research showed that a 3-time processing by Atonik Plus in a dose of 0,2 l/hectare, was the most effective on an apple-tree, the reliable increase in a crop of fruits was 7,0 t/hectare in comparison with control. The increase in a crop of fruits is occurred due to a smaller falling of fruits during formation of an ovary and increase in average mass of fruits. On Elsanta strawberry use of the Avibif growth regulator promoted the improvement of growth processes of plants, the increase in quantity of flowers was observed. The increase in berries crop was 2,5 t/hectare of with a dose of preparation of 0,6 l/hectare. The greatest rise of a crop is got at processing of grapes by preparation VL 77 in a dose of 0,3 l/hectare (6,5 t/hectare). The research of biological efficiency of new forms of growth regulators in production plantings of garden cultures and grapes showed prospects their use for regulation of growth processes of plants, increases in efficiency and improvement of quality of fruits and berries.
In the article the specified data about the bioecological special features of the agent Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) of plum are presented. It is shown, that pathogen under the conditions of the prekuban zone of Krasnodar edge winters in the form of mycelium and conidium in the struck sections of shoots in the cracks and buds. It is established that the length of the incubative period of the fungus of Cl. carpophilum under the optimum conditions continues of 3-4 days, and in depending on temperature it varies in the limits of 3-9 days. In the vegetation of 2014 it is noted the epifitotiya of disease, due to the weather conditions favorable for the pathogen: warm winter; the optimal temperature of air in the period of vegetation; precipitation of anomalous amount of falling in May - June (2-3 standards); the increased relative humidity of air. Monitoring of developing of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. wed, show that the first summer generation of wrecker the most harmful and most numerous into the vegetation of 2014, the duration of the pupation period was on the average to 50 days (since the beginning of April to the end of May). The average number of imago from 36 to 50 individuals to the trap is noted. It is established that the fly of imago of Grapholitha funebrana Mats. had three expressed peaks 28.05; 29.07; 25.08, the break between the generations was from 5 to 10 days. Single individuals of phytophag were noted to the second decade period of September. As a result of conducted research the new knowledge (information resources) about the biological special features of Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lev.) and Grapholitha funebrana Mats. in the plum agrocenoses of Krasnodar Region is obtained. These knowledge will make possible you to select the optimal combination of chemical and microbiological preparations for their control.
Ditylenchus, caused by a stem nematode of Ditylenchusdipsaci, after thirty years absence in an area of activity of NCRRIH&V, again in the region is a particularly dangerous disease of strawberry. The results of determination of the thresholds of harmfulness of rot nematode and resistance of yield losses of annual plants, contrast on of strawberry garden's, cultivars from density of populations. Threshold of harmfulness of stem nematode for annual plants of strawberry varies depending on the degree of resistance of varieties to harmful type. For hardy variety of Senga Sengana the threshold of harmfulness in 8-16 times higher than one of susceptible Mice Schindler variety: 4 specimens of D. dipsaci for Mice Schindler and 64 - for of Senga Sengana strawberry. For perennial plants of strawberry (aged 2 years and over) the determination of threshold harmfulness will require of mathematical modeling of the dynamics of populations of strawberry ditylenchus in the space (within plantations) and in time (at least in 3 years contrast on weather conditions). Taking into account the difficulty of protecting of industrial plants from stem nematodes at the present time we should talk about zero threshold of harmfulness of D. dipsaci for strawberrrry's perennial crops and uterine plantings. To determine the hardiness of strawberry varieties to D. dipsacis it is necessary to compare their productivity on smooth of invasive by infection and healthy background due to the lack of clear relation between harvest of berries and the degree of destruction of vegetative organs and numbers in them of D. dipsacis in the process of berry's harvesting.
The results of long-term research on specific structure of harmful and useful fauna of an apple-tree garden are given in the article. It is established that extent of settling of gardens phytophages and entomophages fluctuates depending on age and type of a garden. The increase in number of phytophages in young gardens promotes the increase in number of entomophages. It is shown that one of criterion of efficiency of entomocenosis regulation is the relationship between harmful and useful entomofauna which is expressed by a ratio a phytophage/entomophage. The analysis of the observations and research made in apple-tree plantings allowed to determine the influence of plants processing by means of protection on preservation and activization of useful organisms. It is established that the application of chemical insecticides during the achievement of number of a pest complex in a spring of an economic threshold of injuriousness promotes the effective decrease in number of wreckers to 91,6 %. These preparations have not the noticeable impact on entomophages which appear later. With growth of number of the dominant pests in May-August the entomophages sometimes aren't capable to constrain their development at the level of an economic threshold of injuriousness. For the preservation of a crop the carrying out of processing by insecticides is required. It is noted that it is expedient to apply the preparations of natural origin, the biological means of plants protection, and biologically active agents which efficiency is 98,7-99,9%. The specified biological means of plants protection have not impact on development of entomophages. The application of biological means of plants protection in the fruit plantings in the second half of summer keeps not only ikhnevmonids and brakonids, but also predators polyphagues, that is due to decrease in anthropogenous influence on agric cenosis the steady growth of biodiversity of entomophages is observed.
In recent years it is preferred a laying of fruit orchards to carry out by saplings that have a crown, which at least accelerate for a year of formation of tree's crowns and getting of the first commercial crop of fruits. The fast fructification and productivity of fruit plantings depend on quality of landing material. The requirements to quality of landing material increase all the time. The new way of cultivation of two-year saplings had a crown on KNIP-BAUM system is offered. The saplings which are grown up on this system are already capable to lay the floral buds in the nursery, and in a year of landing to give 3-5 kg of fruits from a tree. The technology of their cutting is very simple. The main lack of KNIP-BAUM system is cultivation of saplings within three years, that in comparison with receiving of one year saplings using two-year cycle of cultivation, considerably increases the expenses. In this article it is shown, that improving of existing technology of cultivation of a fruit plant using an inoculation in one-year shoot of a rootstock at the height of 55-60 cm, and also due to use of part of a rootstock for formation of future trunk of a sapling, it is possible to increase in intensity of growth and development of a sapling. So, the height of annual apple-tree sapling at a high inoculation increased on 16-26 cm in our experiments, the total growth of shoots increased by 1,5-1,7 times, the laying of branches in a plant crown increased in 2,5-2,7 times. Parameters of an annual sapling became to correspond to a two-year sapling with one-year crown. However the period of cultivation of such saplings was reduced by one year that is an undoubted advantage of this technology.