Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Plant diversity is maintained in the global collections of genetic resources. These collections are extremely valuable source of potentially useful genes required to obtain more productive varieties better adapted to environmental conditions. The our research objective was to determine the biological and qualitative indicators of an aboriginal Georgian winemaking white grapes variety of Goruli Mtsvane. The research was carried out in 2010-2014 on ampelographic collection of "All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko". Rkatsiteli variety was used as a control. The study was carried out using the modern and classical techniques. After comparative study of biological varieties indicators, we conclude that the variety of Gorali Mtsvane exceeds the control Rkatsiteli variety for the most of the indicators. It has higher productivity and yields, ripens a week earlier, has a higher sugar content and lower titratable acidity. In terms of micro-winemaking the output of must from Gorali Mtsvane was more than 60%. The must had a high degree of clarification and sufficient supply of extractive and aromatic substances involved in the formation of wine taste and their substances can be preserved for a long time. Wine was clear with gloss of light straw color, it has a harmonious fragrance with notes of wild herbs, the taste is full, harmonious with long pleasant aftertaste. Wine tasting score is 8,6-8,7, that is at the same level or above the control variety. By results of carried out research the grapes variety of Goruli Mtsvane is recommended for production plantings to change the Rkatsiteli grapes, which is not always standard under our conditions.
One of the reserves of increase in efficiency of viticulture and wine-making industry is the right selection of varieties for different regions of grapes cultivation. Within Crimea not only areas suitable on climatic conditions for the grapes cultivation are allocated, but also within these areas the specific climate viticultural areas are allocated too. The objective existence of such ecological and geographical zones determines the need for the proper selection and placement of grapes varieties that have the specific features in terms the ultimate wine and vine production. Thus, the important direction in improving and expanding of the raw material base of wine, increase in the output of high-quality and environmentally friendly products, with reducing of the costs of its production, is an introduction in assortment of technical grapes varieties of new breeding, that have more effective economic indicators. A good representative of the varieties group of new generation is "Tsitronny Magaracha" of National Research Institute for Vine and Wine breeding. The biological and economical characteristics of the "Tsitronny Magaracha" were studied under the conditions of the Alushta Valley. It was found the testing cultivar surpass the control grapes of Rkatsitely on the indices of the yield quality and sugar accumulation. The adaptation coefficient for the cultivar was calculated (Ka = 77,5), leading to a conclusion that this variety is suitable enough for cultivation in the studied zone. A tasting evaluation of wine materials from the grapes "Tsitronnyi Magaracha" and "Rkatsiteli" was carried out. The cultivar "Tsitronny Magaracha"produced wines with the highest scores (7.75 and 7.8) when they have been made into semi-dry and semi-sweet types, respectively. The results obtained by organoleptic testing of produced wine materials have shown that even after six months of wine materials store they have the floral aroma and high quality.
The main way of grapes plants reproduction is vegetative reproduction which is based on regeneration of plant tissues and organs. The wood's shanks of grapes used for vegetative reproduction have to be physiologically mature, and all changes of shoot connected with its ripening correlate with its anatomical structure. In this regard the study of anatomical structures of grapes shanks is the actual direction of research in wine growing. In this article it is shown that anatomical structure of the one-year ripened grapes shoots is one of the main criterion of an assessment of extent of vine ripening. It is noted that kind and specific features of plants, soil and climatic conditions of cultivation, the nutritious mode, agric-technology and way of plants cultivation impact on structure and ripening process of grapes shoots. The short literary review of data on value of grapes shanks ripening for vegetative reproduction of grapes is presented in the materials of article. The connection between extent of ripening, physiological and biochemical characteristics and an anatomic structure of one-year wood's shoot is shown. It is specified that the offered way of determination of percentage of tissues of floema, xylem and core to the general diameter of a shank as well as the calculation of quantity of sieve tubes is quite easy to learn, much more precisely and more operative than manual calculation. However it is noted that the quality of the processed photos which depends from skills of the researcher can strongly affect the end result. It is specified in the conclusion that method offered by us could add the existing techniques of histological and chemical research.
The article presents the literature data on contamination of cell cultures and plants by Mycoplasma during clonal micro propagation. The severity of contamination and its sources are presented. The necessity of antibacterial chemotherapy based on the ability of antibiotics to inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms is shown. When choosing antibiotic the necessary condition was the absence of toxic action. In this regard, the object was to develop the methods of decontamination and improvement of qualitative characteristics of plants. Two antibiotics were selected for research: gentamicin and Cefotaxime. The study of the antibiotic gentamicin was carried out during micro propagation of 14 grapes varieties. It was found out that gentamicin promotes the recovery from fungal infections and improves a plant regeneration in 2-3 times. However, the plants show the signs of bacterial infection and the toxic effect of the antibiotic. To reduce the toxicity two-step way of its application into nutrient medium recommended. During the first subcultivation in a nutrient medium gentamicin is added in concentrations of 0.05-0.3 ml/l. It provides a significant recovery from Mycoplasma. In the second subcultivation for full plant recovery we recommend re-use of gentamicin at low concentrations of 0.01-0.04 ml/L. Cefotaxime in concentrations of 50 to 650 mg/l was studied on 5 varieties of grapes. It was established that the antibiotic decreases the contamination by a bacterial infection. It was noted that the action of Cefotaximeis gentler than the action of gentamicin. Its application improves the morphogenesis of cultivated plants. In low infection of plants, the low concentrations of Cefotaxime are effective - 50-250 mg/L. When the infection is to 50 % of plants the concentration of 250-450 mg/L are effective. Methods of decontamination of plants are developed. They are based on the application of the antibiotic gentamicin at a concentration of 0.1-0.01 ml/l or antibiotic Cefotaxime at a concentration of 50 to 450 mg/l depending on the degree of infection in vitro plants.
Objective of this research is study of influence of the salicylic acid added to a nutrient medium on adaptation to unsterile conditions of grapes plants. Object of research is the revitalized of test-tube's plants of grapes of Sibirkovy, Pino Noir and Merlots landed under the unsterile conditions after cultivation on nutrient mediums with various level of content of salicylic acid. The range of the applied concentration is 0,14 to 14 mg/l of a nutrient medium. When the research on adaptation to unsterile conditions of grapes plants are carrying out, the standard method of clonal microreproduction in vitro, applied for fruit and berry crops, and the technique modified in the laboratory of institute are used. During research the positive influence of salicylic acid in survival of grapes plants at their transfer to unsterile conditions is established, but the inhibition of development is often noted in the options where salicylic acid is applied. It is shown that addition of salicylic acid in a nutrient medium increase in preadaptability of the test-tube's of grapes plants to unsterile conditions. It is revealed in experiment that optimal concentration of preparation for different grapes varieties can be differ. In our experiences the concentration of 0,14 and 0,7 mg/l were often the most effective. Such concentrations, as a rule, increase in survival ability and don't effect considerably on the rates of plants development during growing. As result of the carried out research the optimal concentration of salicylic acid in a nutrient medium which are increasing in acclimating of grapes plants and not reducing their growth activity in comparison with control.