Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article presents the results of studying of the Kupresocyparis Leuland varieties in the conditions of the Kuban zone of horticulture of the Krasnodar Territory for the main adaptive features: winter hardiness, drought resistance and resistance to dominant diseases. An estimation of decorative attributes of varieties is carried out. The purpose of the research is to identify the most adaptive and maximally decorative Cupressocyparis Leylandii varieties under the conditions of increasing in abiotic and biotic stresses and to expand on their basis a modern assortment of evergreen plants for gardening and creating hedges and topiary forms in the conditions of the South of Russia. The results of a comprehensive assessment of the introduced varieties of Cupressocyparis Leylandii: Leightons Green, Variegata, Gold Rider, Castlewellan Gold, 2001, Blue Jeans are presented. It is established that the decorative indexes of plants are determined by varieties specificity, especially relative resistance to diseases and pests to specific conditions of growth. Of the 5 varieties studied by us, the most adaptive, combining resistance to temperature stresses (drought-resistant, winter-hardy), major diseases and pests with high decorative signs (architectonics of the crown, color of the fir-needles, vitality, long decorative period) are distinguished from 5 varieties. These are the Leuson Green, Variegata, and Gold Rider varieties. The selected varieties for a set of valuable attributes, are classified as well adapted to the weather and climatic conditions of the Region and highly ornamental plant groups, recommended for widespread use in the landscapes for creating hedges and topiary forms in the conditions of the South of Russia.
In the breeding of grapes, the presence of muscat aroma in the berries is a valuable feature. The Muscat grapes varieties have different shades of aroma: an ordinary aroma, spicy, the smell of an orange flower, the shade of tea rose and others. The origin of grapes varieties with muscat flavor has not yet been established. The absence of muscat forms among wild grapevines and the dominance of this feature in hybrid progeny allow us to suggest that this sign is originated in the culture. Muscat aroma is characterized by the accumulation of monoterpenoids in the berries. Monoterpenoids are found in significant concentrations in the grapes of Muscat group and in moderate ones in some other aromatic varieties. A number of studies have shown that the accumulation of monoterpenoids in a grape berry is associated with the gene VvDXS. In the present paper, we investigate the fragment of the sequence of the gene VvDXS in the grapes varieties with muscatel flavor to study the possibility of creation of DNA marker for breeding. The main method used in the study are the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of reaction products by using an automated genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. Muscat varieties Novoukrainskiy Ranniy, Frumoasa Albe, Barkhatnyi, Astanikskiy, Irshai Oliver, Litdar, Muscat Gamburgskiy, Alina, Larni Muskatnaya and the variety without muskat aroma were studied. Polymorphism in the sequence of the studied fragment of the VvDXS gene in the studied genotypes have been identified, however, the correlation linked with the studied sign "muscat f lavor" is not revealed.
Optimization of vine cultivars assortment in accordance with the requirements of the time is one of the most important factor in the development and stabilization of the wine growing industry. The modern assortment of industrial viticulture must confirm to various market needs and presents the varieties with high level of productivity, quality, manufacturability and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. The purpose of research is to study the physical-chemical and biochemical composition of grapes and wine from prospective grapes varieties of Serbian selection and their characteristics according to the main assessment indicators, to create the new quality wines. The results of study of new resistant varieties of Bachka, Petra, Petka, Panonia, Cosmopolita, Morava of Serbian breeding, cultivated under the conditions of Anapa ampelographic collection are presented in the article. The largest harvest of grapes were obtained in the experience on the varieties of Cosmopolita and Petra. The wine from grapes Petra stands out among the studied samples of wine materials from studied grapes varieties in the total accumulation of aromatic substances 623,96 mg/dm3. The highest testing score was for experiental wine from the Serbian grapes of Bachka and a Cosmopolita. As the result of research, it was revealed that cultivars of Cosmopolita, Petra, Bachka and Panonia are promising for the Russian wine-making and grapevine-growing industry. These varieties give a high yield of good quality and they can be recommended for growing in the soil-climatic conditions Anapa-Taman zone. These grapes varieties also can be used as sources of useful economical-breeding traits of yields, wine quality and resistance to unfavorable environmental factors, and that will expand the range of wine products and the boundaries of stable grapes production in the Krasnodar Region.
When assessing the state and development of the viticulture industry of the Russian Federation, it was noted the deficiency of early seedless grapes varieties table direction in the assortment. Currently, an increasing attention to seedless grapes, which is the most popular among consumers is noted in the world. The grapes seedlessness has a great economic value, especially for varieties whose harvest is intended for fresh consumption and preparation of dried products (kishmish). In addition, kishmish grapes varieties, intended for fresh consumption, are especially suitable for children and dietary nutrition. New seedless grapes varieties of all use and ripening periods should have an increased resistance to frost, drought, diseases and pests, to have high yield capacity of good quality, and also to have a wide plasticity that would ensure high productivity under the different soil and climate conditions. The breeders of Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking obtained by purposeful selection of parent pairs, the most successful combinations of crossings, from which the valuable forms were selected with complex of economic and biological signs for further study. In this article, the characteristics of promising seedless table grapes varieties of early and middle ripening of AZOSV&W breeding are presented, and their biological features are described. Table kishmish grapes are introduced into production: Lotos, Zhemchug Anapa, Kishmish Rozovy AZOS, Romantica characterized by beautiful appearance of bunches and berries and pleasant taste qualities. These varieties are technological, according to their agrobiological indicators, and meet the modern requirements of industrial cultivation.