Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
To create the highly productive orchards, you must have the high-quality planting material. The quality of planting material, in turn, depends on the cuttings used for grafting, the quality of which is associated with the state of the uterine plants. The article, using for example the pear and quince varieties, shows the role of uterine cuttings in obtaining a healthy and productive planting material. It is noted that the quantitative yield of cuttings and their qualitative condition depend on the proper agricultural technique of growing uterine plants. The main purpose of the work was to create disease-free material, as well as to obtain clones of pear and quince varieties with valuable traits and properties of fruits, with restrained tree growth, resistance to diseases, increased winter and drought resistance. In this study, we needed to show on individual varieties the importance of selecting uterine trees, which cuttings are harvested, for buds grafting and obtaining the high-quality planting material in nurseries. To solve this problem (for three years), the clone selection was carried out, typical and highly productive pear trees of the Kubanskaya Sochnaya and quince of Muscatnaya and Desertnaya were selected. In time with clone selection, plants were distinguished visually which were free of symptoms of disease and virus damage. In the work the laboratory and field method are used, studies were carried out according to programs and techniques, both generally accepted and new. As a result of the studies, uterine pear trees of the Kubanskaya Sochnaya and Muscatnaya and Desertnaya quince varieties were recommended to obtain the planting material of pure varieties.
The paper presents a review of the literature on sterilizing agents used in biotechnology. The features of their impact these agents on the object of study and the negative impact on the researcher's body are considered. The effect of chlorine-containing preparations such as Belizna, NAZ-TABS, Deo Chlor in various concentrations of aqueous solutions and various times of exposure of sweet cherries and cherries to the eradication of saprophytic microflora of the seed when introduced into an in vitro culture was studied. According to the results of the experiments, the number of infected embryos was recorded, and the percentage of viable sweet cherry and cherry embryos was also determined. In this case, burned from the effects of chemicals, "glassy" and darkened nuclei were taken into account. It was found that treating the seeds of Prunus cerasus L. varieties only with chlorine-containing preparations in low concentrations is ineffective. An increase in the concentration of chlorine-containing drugs leads to partial damage of the kornels, which affects the seedlings output. Significant efficiency of sequential sterilization of sweet cherry and cherry seeds was shown when introduced into the culture in vitro with preparations with different chemical bases. The optimal sterilization time and active substances for exposure to seeds of studied sweet cherries and cherries were revealed. This is an aqueous solution of Deo Chlor (10 and 8 minutes, respectively) with the additional use of hydrogen peroxide (3%) for 2-3 minutes. Such a phased sterilization method determined the yield of viable embryos for further in vitro cultivation at the level of 75-77,5 % in cherries and 82,5 % in sweet cherries.
The article shows the results of studies on the effectiveness of the use of physiological active substances (FAS) for top dressing treatment of vegetative saplings for the formation and development of the root system of grapes. The purpose of this work is to reveal the fundamental possibility of obtaining the high-quality root-owning planting material from shortened cuttings of phyloxera tolerant grape varieties with a limited nutrition area using physiological active substances. Studies were carried out on promising grape varieties for the Republic of Dagestan, suitable for cultivation in the root own crop. The Agadai variety served as a control. It has been established that for phylloxera-tolerant technical grape varieties, when the top dressing application of FAS the indicators shown for the quality of native root planting material are achieved. The use of physiological active Substances by treating the leaf surface of grape sapling is more effective and more appropriate than the preplanting application of an auxin preparation. In particular, in the process of studying a promising technical variety of Pervenets Magarach for the Republic of Daghestan suitable for own roots cultivationit it is revealed that the optimal for obtaining root- owning planting material is a planting scheme of 20x10 cm with a cuttings length of 20 cm and when the treatment of vegetative plants with a solution of FAS when the shoots of 20-30 cm in length. The results of carried out research open the way for accelerated propagation of especially valuable phyloxera-tolerant grape varieties under the condition of limited genetic material and land resources.
The degree of laying and development of embryonic fertility in the overwintering central buds depends on the grape variety, its genetic characteristics and ecological and geographical origin. The purpose of our research was to study the influence of growth regulators on the laying of embryo inflorescences along the length of the annual shoot of the Solaris, Bianka, and Pervenets Magarach grape varieties. Treatment by gibberellin and micefit was carried out twice in three concentrations of 1.10 and 100 mg / l: before flowering and during post-fertilization. On the basis of the data obtained, the coefficients of fruiting (K1), fruitfullness (K2), and productivity (Kp) of the central overwintering buds along the length and three buds levels of the annual shoot were calculated. It was determined that treatment of Solaris variety by gibberellin stimulated an increase in the fruiting coefficient at the 5th level. When applying micefit at a concentration of 10 mg / l in both periods of treatment, the maximum value of this indicator was noted at the level of the 6th (1.74) and 4th (2.03) nodes, respectively. In Bianca variety the use of micefit in a lower concentration during both treatment periods increases in the fruiting coefficient at the level of the 9-10th node (1.68-1.70). The use of tested growth regulators led to an increase in productivity coefficient. Its maximum value was determined in the treatment option during the post-fertilization period of the Solaris variety by micefit (10 mg / l) at the level of the 4-7th node (1.21), which is 1.5 times higher than in the control. In the variety Pervenets Magarach the best value of the productivity coefficient was noted in the variant of treatment by micefitin of a lower concentration. The use of growth regulators of gibberellin and micefit in the tested concentrations allows to reveal more the biocapacity of the embryonic fruiting of the overwintering buds of each studied grape variety.
Analysis of the mechanical stability of grape berries is important for understanding the consumer value of fresh grapes, their resistance to diseases, vermins, and meteorological factors. The aim of the work is to analyze the detaching and crushing force for grape berries in contrast groups of varieties and to study their relationship with other agrobiological features and weather conditions. 41 grape varieties from the Ya. I. Potapenko Don ampelographic collection were studied: 32 table, 4 seedless and 5 universal varieties. The sample includes 12 varieties of Vitis vinifera L., 6 varieties of interspecific origin V. vinifera L. × V. amurensis Rupr., 1 variety V. vinifera L. × V. labrusca L., 21 hybrids with several American species, 1 complex interspecific hybrid of European-Amuro-American origin. The difference in indicators of mechanical stability of berries in groups of different direction of use, taxonomic origin, maturation period, color of berries was studied. The correlation of indicators of mechanical stability of berries with each other, with other characteristics of varieties, with weather conditions is studied. The positive relationship between the size of the berry and its mechanical stability noted in the literature is confirmed. Table varieties have a larger berry size and have greater mechanical stability of berries than universal and seedless ones. The group of complex hybrids with American grape species was characterized by a large berry size and greater mechanical stability of the berries compared to varieties and intraspecific hybrids of V. vinifera L., and interspecific hybrids of V. vinifera L. × V. amurensis Rupr. There was a large mechanical stability of varieties with black berries. There were no differences in the mechanical stability of the berry in varieties of different maturation periods. The formation of a large number of elements of productivity, a large amount of precipitation during the ripening period of berries lead to reducing the mechanical stability of berries.