Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
When the intensive fruit orchards technology with dense placing of trees is working out the great important has the increasing of coefficient of use of solar radiation by plants, the same as the complex of agritechnical steps. Under conditions of dense garden as compared with rare field placement the apple-trees take less light. We studied the light regime of crones of Goldrush apple-trees at the different orchard constructions. The researches are made in accordance with well-known methods for fruit cultures. It is established that the light regime at the studied construction of Goldrush apple-trees orchards is not the limiting factor for fruit yield formation but the most important factor is used rootstock-varieties combinations. The bigger fruit yield capacity from hectare and total yield capacity of fruiting period is observed in the apple-trees orchards on the half dwarf M7 rootstock and on the middle growing MM106 rootstock on third year of trees fructification.
Means of an agritechnology through the structure of planting and architecture of grapes bushes it is possible to reach the maximum ensuring of plants productivity depending on a complex of natural conditions: ensuring of the photosynthetic active radiation (FAR), water, mineral food etc. It is possible to make it by means of active optimization of process of a crop formation when all agric means are submitted to the main purpose use of FAR energy with the highest efficiency. The information about parameters of crown and efficiency of physiological indicators of grapes bush is presented in the article. The assessment of realization of potential of efficiency of used Aligote, Aligote-clone and Paponovsky grapes under the influence of technologys elements is served as the object of research. Parameters of a bush crowns and absorption of FAR energy and their use on creation of organic production were studied. The standard techniques in the wine growing are used for determining of physiological indicators of productivity. In the course of research and analysis of photosynthetic activity of grapes plants the search of communications of parameters of bush crowns with the level of planned harvest is conducted.
The method of diagnostics of the cations maintenance in the tissues and bodies of fruit crops with use of system of a capillary electrophoresis is described in the article. The stated sequence of analysis stages leans methodically on known physiological and agrichemical methods of an express assessment of functional plants condition. The modes of samples preparation and the analysis of extracts are based on original techniques of an electrophoresis method of research of vegetative plants bodies. Optimum terms of samples selection and carrying out of analysis are indicated. The terms of samples selection are dated for vegetation phases. The method allows to estimate the level of activity of exchange processes of an apple-tree with fertilizers use. The results of diagnose of ensuring of weak growing fructifying apple-tree by mobile forms of the basic mineral elements, including application of the organic and mineral non-chlorine fertilizers of the prolonged action are given at the field stationary experiments. It is established that with application of the organic and mineral feeding the maintenance of mobile forms of potassium is on 2,3-22,5% higher, than on control (without fertilizers). The increase of maintenance of calcium mineral forms on 48,2% at application of fertilizers is noted in June, during period of summer recession of activity of apple-trees growth processes. The feeding by organic and mineral fertilizers promoted the increase in the maintenance of mobile forms of magnesium from 5,7 to 22,5% in the apple-tree leaves on various phases of plants development.
Optimization of grapes feeding is the one of the effective elements of the technology, keeping and raising the soils fertility, plantings efficiency and resistance to adverse factors of the environment. Efficiency of plants mineral feeding increases with introduction of scientifically reasonable norms of fertilizers. The work purpose studying of soil and agribiological factors of effective fertilizers use on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. As objects of researches, the technical and universal grades of grapes are taken. Accounts and observations were made on agribiological and agrichemical indicators. As a result of researches the reaction of the main standard grapes varieties to change of foods conditions in dependence on the level of their productivity is established. The scientific basis of fertilizers use at a vineyards landing on the soils of different fertility and a water content are developed. The regularities of change of grapes quality and products of its processing in dependence on fertilizers, ways of the maintenance of soils and norms of bushes loading by a crop are revealed. The settlement method of determination of a grapes crops quality and efficiency of fertilizers depending on temperature conditions during blossoming is offered. Data of the forecast are used when the measures of quality management of raw materials in the adverse years are developing.
Food elements, including micro elements, play an important role in the life of grapes plants and they are an effective means of increasing of orchard yield and berrys quality. Industrial enterprises produce the new fertilizers that contain, besides the main nutrients, the complex of micro elements, that is necessary for the normal development of grapes plants. The novelty of our conducted research is to obtain the new data about regularity of not-root feedings impact on the quality and indexes of safety of wines from grapes grown in the Black Sea area of Krasnodar Region. The purpose of work was to reveal the impact of not-root feeding on the wine quality from Krasnostop Anapa grapes using the known methods of evaluation and also the techniques developed in the Research Center of winemaking of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. The results of studying of the effect of four preparations of foliar activity on yield and quality characteristics of Krasnostop Anapa grapes are presented in the article. The grapes yield in years of research on the drug-treated Potassium Humate variant is higher than ones on the other fertilizers processed variants, an increase is ranging from 30 to 44 c/hectare. A positive effect of foliar fertilizers on the sugar content in the berry juice is revealed. The influence of these preparations on the quality of special wine is researched. During the years of research the grapes treatment of Nutrivant preparation was better others preparations.