Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
At the moment, there are no systematic scientific conclusions in Russia about the mechanisms of the impact of preparations of various forms of non-root action on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of grapes and wine products obtained from plots of different levels of fertility. The article presents the results of many years of research on the study of the effect of non-root preparations of different composition and system of action on the grape plant. The main attention, along with the yield capacity, was paid to the quality and organoleptic value of wine products from poor soil areas during the study of the technical grape variety Chardonnay. The objects of research were grapes and wine of Chardonnay variety from variants of treatment with non-root preparations (Gumel Lux, Filloton, Agrumax). The experiment of studying the effect of foliar dressings on the productivity of a grape plant and the quality of wine was established in the Anapa region on vine plantations grafted onto a Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB rootstock planted in 2006 according to a 3x1.5 m scheme, the formation was a bilateral cordon Kazenava. Research results 2019-2021 showed that the treatment of grape bushes growing on conditionally suitable soil with the studied foliar preparations had a positive effect on the yield capacity and technological qualities of grapes of the Chardonnay variety. The best result in terms of yield capaciry was given by the variants treated with Agrumax and Gumel Lux 9.7 and 9.4 kg/plant, respectively. The most extractive in the experiment proved to be wine materials from variants with treatment of Gumel Lux and Phylloton, which affected the taste of these samples. In terms of organoleptic parameters, in the year of the study, the variant of wine material from grapes treated with Gumel Lux proved to be the best.
The paper presents the results of research to determine the quality and chemical composition of berries of 24 varieties and hybrid forms of raspberries cultivated in the foothill zone of the Crimea. One of the possible ways to solve the problem of increasing the biological value of food is to improve the assortment of raspberries with a high degree of quality indicators of berries. To this end, the level of accumulation of soluble solids, total sugar, organic acid, ascorbic acid in berries was assessed. Varietal differences in the nutritional value of berries, taste qualities and the content of ascorbic acid, which determines the medicinal properties of raspberries, were determined. The purpose of the variety is determined by the sugar content and acidity of the fruits, which are signs that characterize the quality of the berries. It is necessary to use mathematical analysis to determine the nature of the relationships between these features. The relationship of taste qualities with the biochemical composition of berries was determined with the help of statistical approaches using regression analysis. As a result of the conducted studies, high fruit taste indicators (4,7-4,9 points) were observed in seven varieties and three hybrid forms. The increased content of ascorbic acid (55,9-95,2 mg/100 g) was detected in four varieties and five hybrid forms, titrated acidity (2,6-3,3 %) in four varieties, total sugar (2,6-3,3 %) in three varieties and two forms, soluble solids (15,1-20,2 %), in ten varieties and two hybrid forms. Indicators of the sugar-acid index from 6,0 to 7,2 were observed in three varieties and two forms. The selected varieties and forms are of interest for use in fruit-growing, as well as initial forms in further breeding work when creating new varieties with high taste qualities of berries and an increased content of ascorbic acid. The construction of the equation of multiple regression of the dependence of taste qualities on the influence of chemical composition makes it possible to more purposefully select the initial parent varieties for hybridization.
The article presents the results of a 2-year experimental study of the effect of biomodified fertilizers on the yield capacity and quality of early peach fruits Spring Gold in the central zone of the region (Krasnodar). Orchard planted in 2009. Medium-sized trees are formed according to the improved bowl system. The variety of American breeding (Spring Gold) is characterized by high taste qualities, average fruit size, rounded shape with a red blush, yellow flesh and juiciness, as well as sensitivity to spring frosts. Trees of this variety are also demanding on the level of soil fertility. Biomineral fertilizers introduced into the soil in early spring 2021, which have a biomodifier based on a strain of rhizospheric aerobic bacteria Bacillus subtilis (BMF) in their composition, mainly contributed to an increase in the content of mobile forms of phosphorus in the soil compared to the variant without fertilizers by 7.3-8.5 %, as well as the content of total phosphorus in peach leaves in comparison with the control variant by 24 %. In the variant with the introduction of BMF, the increase in the efficiency of microbial cenosis metabolism was observed, accompanied by an increase in the biological activity of the soil (BR and Cmic). A morphological study of generative buds and peach pollen, due to significant fluctuations in air temperature in the winter-spring period, did not reveal any damage to the analyzed samples. The yield capacity level of peach variety Spring Gold in the control variant (without fertilizers) was set at 34.6 and 35.1 kg/tree for this design of plantings in 2021-2022. Productivity against the background of the application of BMF was significantly higher: 41.6 and 44.8 kg/tree. At the stage of removable maturity, in accordance with GOST 34340-2017, the bulk of the fruits belong to the parameters of the highest and first commercial grades. The range of variation of such indicators as the size and weight of the fruit was much wider in the control variant. The content of solids in fruits was established not exceeding 10.2%, and sugars ≤ 5.7 %, which is typical for the group of varieties of ultra-early ripening. Against the background of the application of BMF, the content of biologically valuable substances in the fruits vitamin C and vitamin P was higher in comparison with the control variant by 5.2 and 48.5%, respectively.
The assortment of conifers used in landscape construction in the south of Russia has been replenished with new species, forms, and varieties over the past 25-30 years. The expansion of the assortment of coniferous species occurs due to the introduction of plants from other regions with different natural and climatic conditions. Newly planted stands experience stress, which has a negative impact on the immune status of introduced plants. These cultivars are most often affected by fungal diseases and are damaged by numerous phytophages of native origin. The aim of the research was to establish the species composition of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the urban landscapes of the Krasnodar region. World experience in the study of urban landscapes shows the expansion of the species composition of pests from the Homoptera order. Based on the results of the studies, the species diversity of sugescent pests of coniferous plants in the Krasnodar region was revealed, they were ranked according to the type of dietary, and a database is being formed. It has been established that the dominant representatives of the superfamily Coccidae in the Krasnodar region are: European juniper scale insect (Carulaspis juniperi Bouché) and yew pseudo scale insect (Parthenolecanium pomeranicum Kawecki), pine spindle scale insect (Anamaspis lowi Colvée). The patterns of nutritional adaptation have not only theoretical but also practical significance. It is possible to predict the probable composition of pests on a newly introduced crop based on the obtained data. At the same time, the obtained regularities are one of the theoretical foundations of protective measures for pest control.
The fruits of the sweet cherry plant (Prunus avium L.) with a high percentage of water quickly deteriorate, so research is constantly being conducted to extend access to fresh sweet cherries in the intercrop. Now in the Guba-Khachmaz region, emphasis is placed on new varieties of sweet cherries, especially Ziraat 0900 and Lapins, grown here on medium-sized rootstock Maxima-14 of French origin. The advantages of these varieties include high yield capacuty, as well as the fact that their fruits have an ideal shape, taste and color with a pronounced shine. Little is known about their properties such as responsiveness to different conditions of post-harvest storage, and orientation in this matter to literary data may be unjustified, given that in many respects they are formed under the influence of edaphoclimatic conditions of the growing region. The main objective of this study was precisely to increase awareness of this issue. In addition to the above two varieties, the experiments, for comparison, also included the fruits of the sweet cherry variety Cow Heart, grown in this region traditionally on a tall rootstock (wild). The fruits of the three aforementioned varieties were harvested 5-7 days before their full ripening. They were stored in closed plastic bags for 1 kg (25x40 cm in size, 0,05 mm thick) for 3 weeks at a temperature of 0 ... + 2 ºC and a relative humidity of 90-95 %. During storage, changes in the taste and color of fruits and pedicels were evaluated, as well as the natural decline and yield of standard fruits. Before and after storage, the content of dry soluble substances, total sugar and vitamin C and titrated acidity were determined. Storage of sweet cherries under these conditions led to significant natural losses, which, depending on the variety, amounted to 5.1-9.8 %. The yield of standard fruits of the Cow heart variety was 80.0 %, and it was significantly higher in the Ziraat 0900 and Lapins varieties 89,9 and 88,7 %, respectively. Thus, the sweet cherries of the latest introduced varieties Ziraat 0900and Lapins turned out to be more suitable for cold storage without freezing than the sweet cherries of the Cow Heart variety, which appeared in Azerbaijan many decades ago and belongs to the old Western European cultivars.