Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the article the data on long-term breeding work with vinegrapes carried out in FSBRI "Orenburg ESH&V ARSTIH&N" are presented. Climatic conditions of the Pre-Ural steppe allow us to grow up the grapes of different varieties with high consumer properties and they are unique for a variety's study and grapes breeding. The primary study of a collection of grapes varieties of various ecological-geographical origin during the long period (more than 50 years) has shown that not all introduced varieties can realize completely the biological potential. It has been confirmed the need carrying out of breeding work for creation of the local varieties adapted to conditions of cultivation. An object of research is an ampelographic grapes collection of the Orenburg Experimental Station of Horticulture and Viticulture. Research were carried out by the standard techniques in wine growing. The thorough study of a genetic collection's forms is a basis for the breeding work that allows you to intensify the creation of adaptive and highly productive varieties. Special attention in a breeding process is spared to indicators of fruits quality and productivity. From a collection of the introduced variety and forms of grapes on a complex of productivite and its components, marketability and biochemical composition under the conditions of the Pre-Urals steppe the varieties of Osoby, Belorozovy, Augustine, Ranniy Magaracha, Tsimlodar, Agathe Donskoy, Kodryanka, Pamyat Dombkovskoy, Alyoshenkin Dar were selected. As a result of breeding work the new grapes varieties for conditions of the Pre-Urals steppe - Aleshenkin Dar, Pamyat Dombkovskoy, Podarok Shatilova (15-03-1) are received. The research conducted by us have shown that grapes of Orenburg ESH&V breeding have a high adaptation ability to conditions of vegetation and resistance to temperature stresses and deficit of moisture.
Adverse weather conditions promote the spreading of phytopathogenic microorganisms that in turn is the reason of thinner of gardens and uterine plantings. For satisfaction of needs for qualitative landing material it is necessary to use the rootstocks with high degree of resistance to an adverse effect of abiotic and biotic factors. The greatest economic danger has such widespread disease as an apple-tree scab. The purpose of work is screening on resistance to V. inaequalis of various rootstock's forms of an apple-tree under natural conditions of a garden for selection the most perspective forms on this sign. The objects of research are 72 rootstock's forms from a genetic collection of an apple-tree of Michurinsk Agricultural University. Microorganisms of Venturia inaequalis (Cocke) of Wint., Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissl. and a bacterium from the sort of Pseudo-monas, selected from the sick tissue of plants, were studied under the conditions of clear culture. The assessment of a phytosanitary condition of uterine plantings was carried out according to the standard techniques visually, and also using the microscope methods and by testing for existence of an infection. On the basis of phytosanitary evaluation of clonal rootstocks of apple plantations is revealed an associative type of lesion by microbiota with dominate of Venturia inaegualis (Cocke) Wint. The role in the pathogenesis of microorganisms belonging to the association is established. The stability of a population of clonal apple rootstocks to scab on the natural infectious background of hybrid garden is studied. The genetic differentiation of forms on this trait is revealed. It is shown that over 80% of the genotypes have a minor lesion by scab - to 2 points. Symptoms of lesion are not observed in 5 % of genotypes. These forms we recommended for breeding and production.
The scion-rootsock's combination has to have the good compatibility and high regeneration ability and technological efficiency that as a result provides the economic efficiency of plantings. The research on establishment of the reasons of insufficient compatibility of the imparted components has been carried out earlier, have revealed the anomalies in the development of grafting plants. The grafting affinity is the main requirement in the production process of landing grapes material, especially of new deficit varieties of the high biological categories used during creation of nursery scion plants. The research were carried out in the laboratory of a grapes nursery of Institute. The purpose of research is to reveal experimentally the perspective scion-rootsock's combinations with participation of varieties of the rootstocks, included into the State Register of the breeding achievements allowed to use, and also the scion grapes varieties of a trans-species origin of All-Russian SRIV&W of Ya. I. Potapenko breeding. The assessment of influence of a rootstock on extent of accretion of the imparted components is also a task of our research. The study used the rootstock's varieties - Riparia x Rupestris 101-14, Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB, Berlandieri x Riparia SO, Vierul-3 (Corona Negra x Riparia Gloire), Present ( Furcal x (Amur x (Riparia x Cinerea)) and scion variety - Denisovskiy, Stanichny, Fioletivy Ranniy, Baklanovskiy. As a result of the carried out research it is established that next indicators as the exit of the grafted shanks after stratification, the biometric indicators of saplings in a nursery, the condition of root system, the exit of saplings are the indirect traits of compatibility of the grafted components. The most perspective scion-rootsock's combinations for the varieties which are in observation are selected, there are Denisovskiy × PP 101-14, Stanichny, Baklanovskiy, Phyoletovy Ranniy × Viyerul-3. The more powerful root system develops when using a rootstock of PP 101-14.
The purpose of research is development of scientific based system of processing methods of plum cultivation with steady big harvest on different rootstocks for intensive technologies that is the important instrument of import substitution; selection of optimal systems of crown formation for the concrete scion-rootstock's combinations that allows you to reduce the labor input of works, this system reduces the costs of harvesting and positively influences on the maximal realization of biological potential of plants. For conditions of the South of Russia the system of effective processing methods of industrial plum production on weak growing and middle growing rootstocks within the implementation of the Doctrine of food security of Russia is developed and approved. In research the rootstocks which are the most demanded in the South of Russia, including the new domestic breeding clonal rootstocks of BS-2 (VIR Krymsk station) and PKG-25-1 (NCRRIH&V) are used. In the course of four years' work the most rational parameters are determined and also the system of crown formation of trees of various growth force providing the optimization of physiological condition of plants. The responsiveness of various scion-rootstock's plum combinations of Stenly on intra soil and leaf top dressing is studied, the scheme of measures for protection of plants against vermins and diseases is offered. Efficiency of the offered system of processing methods is confirmed with increase in productivity of plantings on average for 2,7-4,4%, in comparison with the production technological scheme of plum cultivation accepted in the economy; decrease in prime cost of a unit of production by 2,6-6,7%; decrease in technogenic impact on the soil by 10-15%; receiving considerable additional profit (from 72,4 to 89,9 thousand rubles/hectare); increase in profitability of fruits production (for 7,73-12,9 %).
The fruit garden reconstruction within old territory organizations does not meet the requirements of soil protection from water erosion. The effects of water erosion of soil when the garden rows orientation along the slope are shown in the article. The aim of this work was the development of measures to remove the water erosion in the orchards on slopes and to create the optimal conditions for growth and fruiting of fruit trees in the Stavropol Region. It is established that at the straight forward trees placement on slopes the intenseve water erosion processes are developed. The low-cost complex of anti-erosion measures when reconstruction of fruit gardens within the boundaries of the old quarters is proposed. The contour system of trees planting without gradient of rows excludes the additional erosion control measures and improves the water regime of the soil in the garden, because all water spreads along the row. The contour system of trees placement can be used in the foothill areas with slopes steep up to 8-10. The roads in the gardens with contour trees placement are under grass and they have a horizontal direction to reduce the water erosion. The cold air flows down into the valley, and it significantly increases in the frost resistance of trees. The main criterion limiting the use of this technology is the steepness of the slope, that hinder to safe operation of agricultural machinery in the contour plantings. The basic parameters of low-cost technology in the fruit gardens without support construction: the use of scab immune apple varieties and variety-rootstock combinations with good earnestly, the dense placing of trees, the space rows are under grass, the processing around trunks using herbicides etc.