Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In the article the questions connected with the entry of the Russian Federation into the World Trade Organization and need of import substitution are discussed. It is noted that further development of vine-winemaking branch, the fruit growing and the canning industry has to develop on the basis of the innovative technologies directed to increase in competitiveness of production and her integration into domestic and foreign markets. In this regard the attention to necessity of carrying out of some structural changes in the considered branches, the development of innovative technologies and their introduction in the production is accented. On the basis of generalization of production experience and scientific research of the last years in the Republic of Daghestan, the main ways of further development and increase in competitiveness of production of priority branches - wine growing and fruit growing are shown and proved. It is especially noted that considerable theoretical and practical interest, in respect of increase in the competitiveness of production, is represented by studying, preservation and use of a local gene pool of grapes and fruit crops, and also an introduction in the Republic of promising new varieties with complex stability. The multiprogramme breeding work on creation of new high-quality grapes varieties with use as parental forms of separate high-valuable local Daghestan varieties is carried out. It is shown that further development of wine growing and fruit growing in the Republic of Daghestan will be mainly implemented on the principles of ecological and adaptive agriculture which provides the development and introduction in the production process of power and resource-saving technologies and biologization and greening cultivation of grapes and fruit crops. The closer collaboration of scientific institutions and manufacturing enterprises is necessary for successful realization of these tasks.
The selective breeding process is labor-consuming and expensive; therefore the breeding companies around the world try to introduce more progressive and economic technologies of varieties creating with new qualities and to protect the scientific achievements, which provide the competitiveness of the grown-up commodity products. The problems of increase in efficiency of breeding works with their simultaneous decreasing in cost and protection of breeding achievements and adequate assessment of work of the plant-breeders are extremely important also for our coun-try, but the system of laws and established practices don't conform to the specified requirements.There are some practices connected with acceleration of breeding process at All-Russian research institute of wine growing and winemaking (Novocherkassk). The methods are developed and checked in practice allow the plant-breeders to reduce by two years the period from receiving a seedling until transfer of the candidate for variety to the State variety testing. In the submitted article the experience of creation of new grapes varieties by method of trans-species hybridization is described. The imperfection of system of the State variety testing and licensing of new varieties and practice of protection of breeding achievements is shown. It is noted that the developed system of introduction of new plants varieties exerts the negative impact on all participants of process, without bringing notable benefit to anybody. Therefore in the Russian Federation about 90% of all saplings of fruit and berry crops realized to gardeners in the markets without certificates. The suggestions for improvement of system of State variety testing and protection of the rights of plant-breeders which will allow you to accelerate the inclusion of new varieties in the State register of the breeding achievements permitted to use in the Russian Federation are presented in the conclusion of this article.
Now in the assortment of the Russian Federation there is a small quantity of steady grapes varieties of super early period of maturing that doesn't allow you to prolong the term of consumption of fresh grapes. Under the conditions of import substitution the introduction of such varieties to industrial cultivation is very urgent task. The results of variety study of Harold new table grapes of All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko are presented in the article. The results of variety testing in the uncovered culture are used. When studying we used the standard techniques in vine growing. The Harold variety is selected in the elite in 2004 and it is planned to transfer to the State variety testing in 2016. As a result of carried out variety study is established that Harold grapes concedes a little a control Vostorg variety, because it has lower frost and winter hardiness. The fructification coefficient of Harold grapes is higher, than control, this variety had the mass of cluster and berry close to a control variety and quite high productivity. The consumer maturity of berries of Harold grapes comes earlier Vostorg variety minimum for 10 days that allow you to begin the realization of fresh grapes earlier. At similar amount of sugars in berries juice the studied grapes variety has a titrable acidity in 1,5 times lower, than control variety. The new table Harold grapes of super early maturing possessing the high economic and valuable rates can be recommended for farmer and industrial cultivation using uncovered culture in the Southern vine growing regions of the Russian Federation.
The grapevine for thousands years have been growing on the vast territory of the earth under different environmental conditions. The favorable climatic condition is the main factor for the successful cultivation of grapes. The native cultivars from different regions of cultivation is the most valuable part of world gene pool of the crop. The purpose of our work is to select the valuable genotypes of the autochthonous varieties with improved adaptive, economic and technological properties for high-quality wine-making (including not enough spreading and rare native varieties). The object of the research is indigenous Don variety of Makhrovatchik and control variety of Rkatsiteli. The research were conducted in 2008-2015 in an ampelographic collection of the All-Russian Research Ya.I. Potapenko Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking (Novocherkassk). The study was carried out using the modern and classic techniques. Having compared the agrobiological indicators, we note that the Makhrovatchik grapes by most indexes surpass the control variety of Rkatsiteli. Variety of Makhrovatchic has the higher percentages of buds break, coefficient of fruiting, average weight of bunches, productivity and yield capacity. Under the conditions of the micro winemaking the yield of the wort amounted to more than 65%. The wine has a pale straw color, the bright aroma with notes of wild herbs and flowers, the light honey tone, the taste substantial, rounded with long aftertaste. Wine tasting score is 8,6 points, that is the same level that control Rkatsiteli. Analysis of the results of long-term research has shown that Makhrovatchik grapes stands out by complex of agronomic characteristics with improved adaptive and technological properties for high-quality wine-making. Taking into account the facts above, we recommend the variety of Makhrovatchik for assortmen's expansion of production plantations under the conditions of the Lower Don Region.