Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The modern market requires changing the assortment of raspberries to varieties that are more resistant to stress factors, high-yielding with high-quality berries. Breeding work in this regard is carried out mainly on materials from field gene banks, doublet in vitro and cryogenic collections. The problem of adaptation of test-tube plants during they transfer to natural environmental conditions is of interest. From the in vitro collection of VIR (St. Petersburg), the basic collection of the branch of the Maykop experimental station of VIR was transferred the rooted micro-plants of 15 raspberry varieties in order to study their viability in the field, estimation of the complex of economically valuable traits, resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors characteristic of the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea. In this report is described the characteristics of two-year-old ex vitro raspberry plants. All samples were studied according to a set of indicators. The state of the plants after overwintering was noted, the development phases were monitored, the yield and quality of the berries were taken into account, the drought and heat resistance, and the susceptibility to Septoria spot were evaluated. The methods of sample evaluation were generally accepted. Since the samples were transplanted into the natural environment, all test-tube plants have shown good survival rate. The condition of the raspberry samples after overwintering was estimated at 4.5-5.0 points. From the returned spring frosts (-3-6 ºC) on the leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Bulgarski Rubin, damage up to 2 points was noted. Flowering and fruiting took place in the optimal time for 4-5 balls. The most active growth of new shoots (more than 2 m) was distinguished by the varieties Mandarin, ulgarski Rubin, Cumberlend. Leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Zhuravlik, Mandarin, Solnishko, Sputnitsa were affected by Septoria spot. In the field conditions of the environment ex vitro raspberry varieties adapt quite easily, grow and develop well, which allows to study their morpho-biological characteristics, identify valuable physiological and biochemical signs, and assess the degree of adaptability of samples to adverse factors in the Southern zone of Russia.
In the article is considered the issue of criteria-based assessment of the suitability of the agricultural territories for grape culture. Conducting zoning of the territory for the purpose of rational environmental management requires an objective and comprehensive assessment of the state of agricultural territories. The complexity and novelty of it lies in the weak development of the scientific and conceptual base of the agroecology of ampelocenoses and the lack of practical experience in different natural and territorial conditions. Since there is no single integral indicator for assessing the agricultural territory in nature, the evaluation criteria are a number of bioindication, spatial and dynamic indicators, and the integral assessment is carried out on the basis of a certain number of the most influential indicators. It is known that the fundamental criterion for the assessment and zoning of agricultural territories is the compliance of edaphoclimatic factors with the requirements of the biological characteristics of cultivated varieties. Another criterion for the assessment and zoning of agricultural territories is based on the principle of the limiting factor, based on the Laws of the Liebig minimum and the Shelford ecological optimum (tolerance). The criteria limiting the development of grapes on the territory of the Krasnodar region are established, their parameters are determined. Maps of the distribution of heat supply and absolute minimum temperature are compiled, on the basis of which, taking into account soil characteristics, agricultural territories with relatively homogeneous parameters (47 subzones) are identified. The placement of grape varieties taking into account the criteria and parameters of the selected subzones can give such expected effects as increasing the efficiency of the use of edaphoclimatic resources in the production process of grapes; increasing the productivity of plantings; improving product quality; extending the productive life of plantings; reducing the cost of viticulture products; increasing the competitiveness of domestic viticulture.
The development of new nature-like agrobiotechnologies in nursery breeding, which increase the biological potential of plants based on the use of mechanisms of symbiotic interaction (AM-symbiosis) of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and fruit plants, contributes to improving the quality of planting material of fruit crops. The effect of mycorrhization of apple nursery plants with a biological preparation based on symbiotic fungi of arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus sp. on the growth, early maturity and productivity of Prikubanskoe apple variety on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was studied. The regularities of changes in growth and production processes in apple trees laid with planting material with mycorrhization of rootstocks in the nursery are established. The balance of growth and production processes changed in favor of the latter: the diameter of the stem of 7-year-old trees with mycorrhiza was 11.8-17.6 % smaller, and the height of the trees was 5.5-7.2 % smaller compared to the control. The yield of treated trees for 4 years of fruiting was higher (28.4 kg/tree compared to 26.7 kg/tree in control). According to the complex of indicators, the best variant is application of a biological product at a dose of 2.0 g/plant. The use in industrial gardening of apple tree planting material with a mycorrhizal root system increases the level of realization of its production potential: the specific productivity of the experimental trees in the best variant was (calculated for 4 years) 1.79 kg/cm2 of the cross-sectional area of the stem in comparison with 1.31 kg/cm2 of the control variant. A new agricultural approach is the mycorrhization of apple tree planting material with a biological preparation of Glomus sp. arbuscular mycorrhiza. It is an innovative nature-like biologized element of the technology of growing apple nursery plants, has a prolonged effect and contributes to the early maturity and greater productivity of grafted trees.
Studies were conducted in 2019 in the North Caucasus FSAC. The aim of the research is to determine the effectiveness of the use of various concentrations of Benzichol and Etichol preparations in a solid nutrient medium to accelerate the growth and development of in vitro improved micro-cuttings of grapes during clonal propagation. The results of studies on the influence of new synthetic preparations, that offering phytoregulatory, stress-protective, auxin, retardant, and antiviral activity, used in very low doses, which stimulate and accelerate the growth and development of in vitro improved micro-cuttings of grapes are presented. The middle-early Alminskiy variety was used in the experiment. Studies have shown that the addition of phytoregulators and stress-protectors Benzichol and Etihol to the solid nutrient medium according to Murashige and Skoog, for growing in vitro improved micro-cuttings of middle-early Alminskiy variety, at studied concentrations (1×10-7 ; 1×10-9 and 1×10-11 M) did not contribute to the acceleration of the root formation and growth in improved grapes micro-cuttings. At the same time, the use of Benzichol at concentrations of 1×10-7 and 1×10-9 , on the contrary, led to a significant slowdown in root formation in plants. The addition of Benzichol and Etihol preparations to the nutrient medium at a minimum concentration of 1×10-11M had a stimulating effect on the formation of internodes, after 20 days the average number of internodes on 1 plant increased up 0.5-0.7 pcs relative to the control. With the further growth of plants after 30 days, the trend noted above remained, although the difference with control decreased to 0.3 pcs. It indicates the possibility of using these preparations in order to increase the production of high-quality homogeneous virus-free planting material, and later to reproduce healthy young plants, which are necessary for establishing of vineyards.
The adverse effect of temperature fluctuations during the summer affects the productivity and yield of the apple tree, which actualizes the need for breeding for adaptability and increasing resistance to abiotic stress factors. Physiological and biochemical studies disclose the mechanisms of a protective response to the action of stressors. The purpose of this work is to study the peculiarities of the physiological and biochemical response of the various types of apple trees on the stressful conditions of the summer period, allocate the most stable varieties for use in breeding purposes. Objects of research 6 varieties of apple trees of various ecological and geographical origin: Idared, Interprais (USA), Ligol (Poland), Orfey, Prikubanskoe (Russia, NCFSCHVW), Florina (France). It is shown that a decrease in the content of water-soluble sugars is associated with the oppression of assimilative processes in the leafy tissues against the background of the action of elevated temperatures and the lack of precipitation. It has been established that in varieties Interprais and Orfey content of the proline increased during the summer in 1.7-2.9 times, indicating active participation in osmotic regulation. The content of abscise acid increased during the period of elevated temperatures and droughts in Florina, Orfey and Idared varieties in 1.21-2.08 times depending on the variety indicating the participation of this phytohormone in osmotic adjustment. The largest contribution of organic acids in osmotic regulation is marked at the Orfey and Prikubanskoe varieties. The smallest heat resistance defined by the leakage of electrolytes is marked at Florina, Idared and Ligol varieties. Based on the generalized data, apple tree varieties Interprais, Orfey and Prikbanskanskoe showed themselves more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the summer of 2020. The obtained results are of interest for using them in breeding purposes as a diagnostic indicators of the degree of resistance to the stress of the summer period.