Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

This article presents the results of a strategic analysis of the activities of the OJSC �AIF �FANAGORIA� in order to confirm the relevance of the production of juice products. An action plan has been drawn up to reduce risks and threats. The plan provides for an increase in the area of vine plantations, the laying of new resistant grape varieties to reduce dependence on climatic conditions; increase in production and marketing of grape products. It is recommended to produce juices from the harvest of old, planned for uprooting, and young, yielding the first harvests, vineyards. It is proposed to combine into one document and structure the requirements for the rules for the production of juice products. A draft standard for an organization for the production of directly expressed juices from fresh grapes has been developed, including the following sections: �scope�, �regulatory references�, �basic technological terms and definitions�, �classification�, �technical requirements�, �technological stages of production�, �packaging�, �labeling�, �acceptance rules�, �control methods�, �transportation and storage�. The draft standard for the first time Proposed to establish requirements for the characteristics of the soil, its physical, agrochemical and chemical properties, taking into account the laying of new plantings (criteria for suitability of soils); specify the norms for the application of mineral fertilizers depending on the type of soil; prescribe the provision of vineyard soil with nutrients depending on the condition of the plants, the level of soil fertility, moisture supply and yield; introduce the systematic application of mineral macro- and micro fertilizers, that ensure the growth of the value and quality of yields. For the production of directly expressed juices, a wide range of grape varieties of different maturation periods is recommended, including new promising varieties, clones and proto-clones, that are of interest for a complex of economically valuable characteristics and allow obtaining a high yield with a reduced pesticide load. The introduction into production of the proposed draft standard of the organization will greatly simplify compliance with the requirements in force in the Russian Federation for the production of directly expressed grape juice.

Annotation

The results of study of winter hardiness of annual shoot tissues and generative buds of cherry varieties and hybrid forms of different genetic origin are presented in the article. The comparative study of winter hardiness of cherry varieties and hybrid forms was conducted in the natural conditions: in the conditions of action of damaging factors of mild, warm winters (winters 2018/2019 and 2019/2020) and in the conditions of action of damaging factors of severe winter (winter 2020/2021). The frequency of occurrence of wood, cambium and core freezing was estimated in the study of winter hardiness of cherry annual shoot tissues. It was determined that annual shoot tissues of cherry varieties and hybrids freeze slightly much more often at the unfavorable terms of severe cold winters. The core freezes more often, the cambium is much less common and the wood practically does not freeze. It was shown that varieties and hybrids obtained with the attraction of Maaka cherry have the best winter hardiness of annual shoot tissues. The best winter hardiness of all annual shoot tissues was shown by varieties Livenskaya and Novella and hybrid form 05-00 among all studied varieties and hybrid forms. The percentage of living generative buds, living rudimentary flowers in them, as well as the number of intact vascular bundles of generative buds were taken into account in study of winter hardiness of generative buds. It was found that the generative buds of cherry varieties and hybrid forms were slightly damaged in all three parameters taken into account in the conditions of mild, warm winters 2018/2019, 2019/2020. The generative buds of varieties obtained on the basis of the cherry sour gene pool are moderately hardy, and varieties and hybrid forms obtained with the the attraction of Maaka cherry are winter-hardy under the action of the damaging factors of a severe winter. The varieties Novella and ELS Surprise and hybrid form 05-00 showed the best winter hardiness of generative buds in all three parameters among all studied genotypes. Thus, the winter hardiness of most of the studied cherry sour varieties in the conditions of the Central region of Russia is medium, which makes it impossible to obtain stable high yields of this crop in the Russia Central region. It is possible to increase the winter hardiness of cherry sour varieties by involving hybrid forms derived from Maaka cherry in the synthetic breeding of this crop.

Annotation

The article presents the results of a long-term study of the Don autochthonous grape variety Krasnostop Zolotovsky in comparison with the control variety Cabernet Sauvignon. The research was carried out in 2000-2019 at the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region), according to generally accepted methods in viticulture and National Standards. The varieties were studied in a covering grafted culture on the rootstock Kober 5 BB. It was found that both varieties have good following indicators: the percentage of burgeoning buds and fruitfulness shoots, fruitfulness coefficients. The Cabernet Sauvignon variety was inferior to the Krasnostop Zolotovsky variety in terms of sugar content in berry juice throughout the entire study period. Value of this indicator was on the level of 24.1 g/100 cm3 (Krasnostop Zolotovsky) and 20.9 g/100 cm3 (Cabernet Sauvignon) in average. The conventional yield capacity per hectare was 6.8 tons (Krasnostop Zolotovsky) and 6.6 tons (Cabernet Sauvignon). The physico-chemical parameters of the wines were confirmed to National Standards, had a good stockpile of extractive, phenolic, stains substances, a harmonious combination of sugars and acids, which allowed to obtain high-quality wines. The content of phenolic substances in wine from the Krasnostop Zolotovsky variety was 2634 mg/dm3 ; the content in Cabernet Sauvignon wine was 2354 mg/dm3 . Wine from the Krasnostop Zolotovsky variety over the years of research received higher taste assessments, which averaged 8.8 points, and Cabernet Sauvignon wine was assessed in average on 8.7 points. According to the results of the study of agrobiological, technological, uvological and economically valuable properties, the Krasnostop Zolotovsky variety is not inferior to the control variety Cabernet Sauvignon. Over the course of 20 years of study, it has established itself as consistently producing high quality wine materials.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of pollinating varieties on bunch density and uvological indicators of the Crimean autochthonous grape variety Kefesia. The work was carried out in OOO "Kachinsky +" in 2020-2021. Planting year � 2015, planting scheme 3×2, varieties were planted according to the scheme � 2 rows of Kefesiya variety alternated with 1 row of pollinating variety (Moldova, Bastardo Magarachsky) in squares 1, 2 of 2,0 hectares in area. The total number of Kefesiya variety bushes is 982 pcs. Studies of uvological characteristics of the autochthonous variety Kefesia depending on pollinator variety showed that the bushes pollinated with the Moldova variety form larger bunches, more seeds are set, exceeding these figures compared to other variants of pollinators when cultivating the Kefesia variety. In all studied combinations of Kefesia variety, parthenocarpic berries are formed in bunches. When Kefesia variety is pollinated with pollen from the Moldova variety, the number of seeds in the bunch averaged 205.3 pieces, which is 45.2 % more in bunches formed under the influence of pollinator variety Bastardo Magarachsky, and by 76.5 % more than in bunches of Kefesia variety without pollination. The pollinator varieties Moldova and Bastardo Magarachsky influence the changes in the indicators �average bunch weight�, �number of berries in the bunch�, �number of seeds in the bunch�, �weight of 100 berries�. The Moldova variety demonstrates the greatest efficiency of pollination and is recommended as a pollinator for the Kefesia variety in the production plantations of the Republic of Crimea.

Annotation

The creation of grape varieties o f a new generation � analogues of the Crimean autochthons � highly productive and of high quality, carrying genetic adaptability to environmental conditions, is relevant today. The main method for breeding grape Varieties of a new generation with genetically determined features of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors is crossing of varieties of complex genetic structure between themselves and with forms of Vitis vinifera L. species belonging to different ecological and geographical groups, saturating crosses between hybrid forms with a complex of features corresponding to the breeding task. The objectives of the studies included the assessment of resistance to low temperatures of the Crimean autochthonous grape varieties and their hybrids; selection of the most frost-resistant genotypes obtained by crossing Crimean autochthonous grape varieties with complex interspecific hybrids on the basis of hybridological analysis. The objects of research were 15 local varieties of Crimea and 481 seedlings in 22 combinations of crossing of Crimean autochthonous varieties with complex interspecific varieties. As a result of hybrid analysis identified promising hybrid combinations from crossing Crimean autochthonous varieties with varieties of complex interspecific origin � 'Aibatly' x 'Ifigenia' (Hh = 1, 9 %) and 'Kokur Chernyi' x 'Spartanets Magaracha' (Hh = 2.4 %), as well as populations characterized by high breeding value � 'Kok Pandas' x 'Zeibel 6357' (44.4 %), 'Kefesiya' x 'Spartanets Magaracha' (23.5 %) and 'Kok Pandas' x 'Spartanets Magaracha' (29.4%). A promising hybrid is Magarach No.8-08-8-4 ('Kok Pandas' x 'Zeibel 6357').